UNIVERSITY]  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN 
CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS 


BY 
WOODBRIDGE  METCALF 


BULLETIN  No.  380 

November,  1924 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRINTING  OFFICE 
BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 
1924 


EUCALYPTUS    GROVE    ON    CAMPUS 
Blue  Gum,  37  years  old,  under  optimum  conditions. 


GROWTH   OF   EUCALYPTUS   IN   CALIFORNIA 

PLANTATIONS 

By  WOODBRIDGE  METCALF 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Historical 4 

Blue  Gum  (E.  globulus) 7 

A  Yield  Table  for  Blue  Gum 10 

Red  Gum  (E.  rostrata) 15 

Gray  Gum  {E.  tereticornis) 18 

Sugar  Gum  (E.  corynocalyx  =  E .  cladocalyx) 21 

Miscellaneous  Species 25 

Manna  Gum  (E.  viminalis) 25 

Red  Ironbark  (E.  sideroxylon) 27 

White  Ironbark  (E.  leucoxylori) 28 

Red  or  Forest  Mahogany  (E.  resiniferc) 29 

Sydney  Blue  Gum  or  Flooded  Gum  (E.  saligna) 29 

Swamp  Mahogany  (E.  botryoides) 29 

Karri  (E.  diversicolor) 30 

Messmate  Stringybark  (E.  obliqua) 30 

Utilization : 

Fuel 39 

Charcoal 41 

Insulator  pins 41 

Lumber 42 

Miscellaneous  uses 43 

Eucalyptus  oil 44 

Notes  on  other  species 45 

Summary 48 

Appendix: 

I.    Method  of  taking  field  measurements 49 

Calculation  of  volume  (table  A) 51 

II.    Site  classification — E.  globulus 52 

III.    Raising  eucalyptus  from  seed 54 

Sowing  the  seed 54 

Transplanting 56 

Planting 56 

Cultivation 57 

Spacing 57 

Cost  of  planting 57 

Protection  of  plantations 58 


4  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Trees  of  the  genus  Eucalyptus  were  introduced  into  California 
about  the  year  1860  and  since  that  time  have  been  so  extensively  used 
in  plantations,  windbreaks,  and  ornamental  plantings,  that  they  have 
become  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  features  of  the  California  land- 
scape. The  introduction  of  the  trees  into  the  state  has  been  variously 
attributed  to  a  Mr.  Walker  of  San  Francisco,  Bishop  William  Taylor 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 

Fig.  1. — A  Blue  Gum  grove  23  years  old  near  Stony  Point,  Sonoma  County. 
The  trees  average  over  10  inches  d.b.h.,  and  over  100  feet  in  height.  An  example 
of  good  growth  of  this  species  on  sandy  loam  soil  in  the  coast  region. 

Fig.  2. — A  Blue  Gum  grove  20  years  old  on  sandy  land  known  locally  as 
Dow's  Prairie  near  McKinleyville,  Humboldt  County.  The  spacing  is  12  X  12 
feet  and  the  openness  of  the  crown  cover  has  favored  the  natural  reproduction 
of  native  conifers  including  Douglas  Fir,  Grand  Fir,  Western  Hemlock,  and 
Bishop  Pine. 


of  the  Methodist  Church,  Nurseryman  Nolan  of  Alameda,  and  others. 
Up  to  the  present  there  seems  to  be  no  definite  historical  record  as  to 
just  who  did  bring  the  first  seeds  to  California,  but  the  names  of 
Kllwood  Cooper  of  Santa  Barbara,  T.  P.  Lukens  of  Pasadena,  and 
Abbott  Kinney  of  Venice,  are  prominent  among  those  who  did  experi- 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS        5 

mental  planting  and  urged  the  extensive  use  of  these  trees  throughout 
the  state.  In  later  years  F.  C.  Havens  of  Oakland,  Wm.  H.  Brintnall 
of  Los  Angeles  and  W.  D.  Patterson  of  Arden,  are  among  those  who 
made  experimental  plantings  with  a  number  of  species  which  supple- 
ment the  experimental  work  of  the  University  of  California  and  the 
United  States  Forest  Service. 

Undoubtedly  the  first  seeds  brought  into  California  were  of  the 
Blue  Gum,  Eucalyptus  globulus,  and  the  early  tests  with  this  species 
showed  it  to  be  so  thoroughly  at  home  under  the  new  conditions,  and 
so  rapid  in  its  growth,  that  most  of  the  planting  was  confined  to  this 
tree.  This  fact  seems  rather  strange  as  this  species  has  never  been 
considered  of  much  commercial  value  in  either  Tasmania  or  Victoria 
where  it  is  native,  and  where  mature  trees  of  much  larger  dimensions 
are  found  than  any  grown  thus  far  under  California  conditions.  The 
first  trees  planted  were  usually  set  out  singly  or  in  narrow  belts,  and 
their  rapidity  of  growth  gave  rise  to  many  exaggerated  statements  as 
to  the  probable  financial  returns  from  plantations.  Well  meaning  but 
over-enthusiastic  persons  made  estimates  of  growth  of  plantations  by 
assuming  that  each  tree  planted  therein  would  grow  as  rapidly  as 
trees  in  the  open  under  optimum  soil,  moisture,  and  light  conditions — 
forgetting  entirely  the  influences  exerted  by  different  types  of  soil 
and  climate,  the  percentage  of  loss  in  established  plantations,  and  the 
slowing  up  in  rate  of  growth  because  of  competition  between  trees 
growing  under  crowded  plantation  conditions. 

The  period  1900-10  was  characterized  by  very  great  interest  in 
Eucalyptus  planting  which  resulted  in  the  formation  of  a  number  of 
stock  companies  on  a  "share"  or  "acre"  basis  for  the  growing  and 
setting  out  of  large  areas  of  trees.  The  enthusiasm  for  Eucalyptus 
planting  and  the  statements  made  during  this  period  were  based  on  the 
over-enthusiastic  estimates  of  growth  referred  to  above  and  a  general 
feeling  that  because  of  the  very  rapid  cutting  of  the  hardwoods  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  Eucalyptus  timber  would  command  very  large 
prices  within  a  comparatively  short  time.  The  U.  S.  Forest  Service, 
the  California  State  Forester,  and  the  University  of  California  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station  urged  the  necessity  for  caution  in  apply- 
ing maximum  yield  figures  to  plantations  growing  under  untried  con- 
ditions, on  the  basis  of  the  very  slender  fund  of  experimental  data 
then  available.  In  1908  and  later  each  of  the  above  mentioned  organi- 
zations issued  one  or  more  bulletins  giving  conservative  figures  as  soon 
as  these  could  be  compiled.  This  assisted  materially  in  checking  the 
over-enthusiastic  tide  of  investment  and  speculation,  but  did  not  take 
effect  until  a  very  large  total  acreage  had  been  planted.    In  all  there 


6 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 


are  probably  between  forty  and  fifty  thousand  acres  in  California 
which  are,  or  have  been,  planted  with  Eucalyptus.  During,  and  before 
this  period,  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service  and  the  University  of  California 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  had  been  carrying  on  experimental 
work  in  Eucalyptus  planting;  the  former  in  favored  localities  of  the 
Angeles  and  Santa  Barbara  National  Forests,  and  the  latter  at  the 


Fig.  3.  Fig.  4. 

Fig.  3. — Blue  Gums,  7%  years  old  growing  on  bottom  land  near  Lakeside, 
San  Diego  County.  The  trees  average  4.8  inches  d.b.h.  and  52  feet  in  height. 
Blue  Gum  in  southern  California  or  interior  valleys  requires  adequate  amounts 
of  soil  moisture  for  good  development.  The  upland  portion  of  this  plantation 
showed  many  dead  and  scrubby  trees  from  lack  of  moisture. 

Fig.  4. — Looking  upward  through  the  crowns  of  35-year-old  Blue  Gum  trees 
on  bottom  land  at  Berkeley,  Alameda  County.  The  spacing  here  is  approxi- 
mately 7  X  14  feet  after  thinning.  Eucalyptus  trees  have  relatively  thin  crowns 
and  do  not  make  a  dense  shade. 


Chico  and  Santa  Monica  Forestry  Stations.  It  soon  became  apparent, 
however,  that  results  obtained  in  these  restricted  localities  would  be 
lacking  in  applicability  to  the  state  as  a  whole,  because  not  truly  repre- 
sentative of  the  wide  range  of  soil,  and  climatic  conditions,  under  which 
Eucalyptus  trees  were  being  planted. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS        7 

In  1912  officials  of  the  United  States  Forest  Service,  realizing  the 
need  for  more  comprehensive  experimental  data,  and  recognizing  the 
opportunity  offered  by  the  large  number  of  groves  which  had  recently 
been  planted,  undertook  to  make  a  study  of  growth  in  a  number  of 
them.  Mr.  J.  A.  Mitchell,  who  was  later  in  charge  of  the  Feather 
River  Experiment  Station,  began  the  work  on  this  project  that  year 
by  taking  sample  plot  measurements  in  twenty-five  representative 
plantations.  In  1916,  on  request  of  the  Forest  Service,  the  continua- 
tion of  this  study  was  taken  over  by  the  Forestry  Division  of  the 
University  of  California;  it  being  recognized  that  practically  all 
National  Forest  land  is  unsuited  to  the  growing  of  Eucalyptus  because 
of  adverse  climatic  conditions.  In  May,  1916,  Mr.  Mitchell  and  the 
writer  remeasured  the  sample  plots  previously  established,  and  selected 
and  measured  several  others  in  addition.  (For  methods  used  in  col- 
lecting field  data,  see  appendix  I.)  Practically  all  of  these  first  plots 
were  confined  to  groves  of  Blue  Gum,  Eucalyptus  globulus,  but  since 
that  time  the  study  has  been  extended  to  include  many  other  species 
growing  under  as  diversified  conditions  as  could  be  found.  Reference 
to  the  accompanying  tables  will  show  a  considerable  number  of  species 
represented,  but  most  of  them  are  found  in  California  only  as  indi- 
vidual trees  or  single  rows  or  groups  in  experimental  plantings.  Prac- 
tically all  of  the  plantation  areas  now  consist  of  trees  of  one  or  more 
of  the  following  four  species : 

Blue  Gum,  Eucalyptus  globulus. 

Gray  Gum,  Eucalyptus  tereticornis. 

Red  Gum,  Eucalyptus  rostrata. 

Sugar  Gum,  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  (cladocalyx) 

The  approximate  percentage  of  each  of  these  species  to  the  total 
area  in  plantations  is  roughly  estimated  as  follows:  Blue  Gum,  80%, 
principally  in  the  coast  region  but  also  present  in  other  sections ;  Red 
and  Gray  Gums  15%,  chiefly  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 
valleys  and  the  interior  valleys  of  southern  California;  Sugar  Gum 
4%,  mostly  confined  to  southern  California  because  it  is  not  frost 
hardy;  other  species  1%. 

Blue  Gum  (Eucalyptus  globulus) 

The  blue  Gum  is  widely  distributed  throughout  Tasmania  and 
Victoria  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  hills,  but  is  usually  not  found  in 
pure  stands.  Scattered  individuals  also  occur  in  the  southern  moun- 
tain sections  of  New  South  Wales.  In  its  native  habitat  it  grows 
rapidly  and  reaches  great  size  (250  feet  in  height).     Practically  all 


8 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION 


of  the  timber  cut  in  Australia  is  virgin  growth,  probably  several  hun- 
dred years  old.  Small  differences  are  noted  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Maiden  and 
other  writers  on  Australian  trees,  between  the  Tasmanian  and  Vic- 
torian trees  of  this  species.*  The  wood  cut  from  Australian  trees  is 
used  somewhat  for  wagon  stock,  and  other  heavy  work  but  as  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  dry  and  very  subject  to  warping  and  checking,  it  is  not  used 
for  building  and  is  not  thought  much  of  for  timber. 


Fig.  5.  Fig.  6. 

Fig.  5. — These  stately  Blue  Gum  trees  at  Newark,  Alameda  County,  are  40 
years  old.  The  species  is  one  of  the  finest  for  highway  and  windbreak  planting 
in  California  valleys. 

Fig.  6. — This  view  in  a  10-year-old  plantation  of  Blue  Gum  on  sand  dune 
soil  near  Monterey,  illustrates  the  large  number  of  fail  places  and  the  encroach- 
ment of  grass  and  brush  into  the  plantation.  On  poor,  dry  soil,  Blue  Gum 
assumes  a  spreading,  stunted  form  even  in  the  coast  counties  where  climatic 
conditions  are  suitable. 


In  the  settled  portions  of  California,  the  Blue  Gum  is  now  one  of 
the  most  conspicuous  features  of  the  landscape,  being  found  almost 
everywhere  in  groves,  windbreaks,  along  highways  or  in  lawns  and 
parks  (fig.  5).     In  fact,  it  is  so  common  everywhere  that  it  typifies 


See  page  42. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS        9 

California  to  a  host  of  people  who  are  unfamiliar  with  the  Redwood, 
Sugar  Pine,  or  others  of  her  splendid  native  forest  trees. 

The  Blue  Gum  may  easily  be  distinguished  from  all  other  species 
of  Eucalyptus  by  its  smooth  olive-green  trunks  from  which  the  bark  is 
shed  annually  in  long  shred-like  vertical  strips ;  its  bright  blue  juvenile 
foliage  with  the  leaves  borne  opposite  in  pairs  on  twigs  which  are  often 
fluted  so  as  to  appear  four-angled  in  cross  section;  and  its  bright 
bluish,  warty,  four-angled  buds  which  after  shedding  the  flat-conical 
caps,  develop  into  large  yellowish  white  flowers.  These  appear  on  the 
trees  in  great  profusion  and  are  an  important  source  of  honey.  The 
mature  leaves  are  alternate  in  arrangement,  very  coarse  in  texture, 
and  are  borne  on  dark  reddish  twigs  from  which  they  hang  suspended 
like  miniature  sickles.  The  flat  topped,  button-like  fruits  are  about 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  bear  tiny  shiny  black  seeds, 
smaller  than  the  head  of  a  common  pin.  Flowers  and  fruits  are  some- 
times borne  on  sprouts  only  two  or  three  years  old,  and  the  ripened 
fruits  can  usually  be  found  in  great  quantities  under  trees  of  ten  years 
or  more  in  age.  The  Blue  Gum  is  usually  an  erect  tree  with  a  single 
stem  which  often  shows  a  corkscrew-like  tendency  to  twist  in  its 
upward  growth.  Where  seedlings  have  been  injured  by  frost,  rodents, 
or  light  ground  fires,  two  or  more  stems  may  develop.  The  proportion 
of  such  trees  is  shown  in  column  7  of  table  1  as  an  index  of  such 
unfavorable  influences. 

Table  1  gives  a  summary  of  the  measurements  in  sixty-seven  repre- 
sentative groves  of  Blue  Gum  distributed  from  Humboldt  to  San 
Diego  counties  and  representing  a  wide  variety  of  soil  conditions.  The 
position  of  each  grove  in  a  given  county  is  fixed  by  reference  to  the 
nearest  town  and  a  brief  statement  of  soil  conditions  is  given  in  the 
final  column.  The  present  number  of  trees  per  acre  can  be  determined 
from  columns  5,  6  and  7,  while  the  diameter,  height  and  volume  of 
the  average  single  tree  in  each  grove  is  given  in  columns  8,  9  and  10. 
The  volumes  per  acre,  both  total  and  mean  annual,  are  given  both  in 
solid  cubic  feet  and  in  cords,  both  figures  including  bark.  The  con- 
verting factor  (90  cu.  ft.  =  1  cord)  was  carefully  checked  and  found 
to  be  substantially  correct  for  trees  of  moderate  size  including  a  10 
per  cent  allowance  for  shrinkage  in  drying  of  the  wood  after  piling. 

A  careful  study  of  Table  1  brings  out  many  interesting  facts.  Those 
groves  which  have  greatly  exceeded  the  mean  annual  growth  of  approx- 
imately three  cords  per  acre,  are  found  growing  on  lands  of  good 
quality  but  rather  open  texture,  where  the  soil  moisture  is  adequate. 
The  best  growth  seems  to  have  been  made  in  groves  where  at  least  a 
7%  by  iy2  foot  spacing  was  used  (fig.  1) .    The  results  of  overcrowding 


10 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 


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BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     11 


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12 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


are  shown  in  groves  Nos.  9,  39  and  40,  while  the  growth  in  No.  31 
was  made  in  spite  of  a  5  by  5  spacing  because  of  the  rich  silt  soil, 
and  a  superabundance  of  soil  moisture.  In  every  case  where  the  mean 
annual  growth  approaches  or  exceeds  5  cords  per  acre,  the  land  is  of 
good  agricultural  value  and  the  water  table  close  enough  to  the  sur- 
face to  insure  an  almost  continuous  supply.     The  growth  on  sandy 


Fig.  7.  Fig.  8. 

Fig.  7. — This  grove  near  Chittenden,  San  Benito  County,  shows  Blue  Gums 
three  and  four  years  old.  Both  ages  were  seriously  affected  by  the  dry  sum- 
mers of  1916  and  1917.  During  years  of  excessive  drought,  the  establishment 
of  plantations  is  difficult. 

Fig.  8. — Blue  Gums  used  to  prevent  the  washing  of  arroyo  banks  near  East 
Whittier,  Los  Angeles  County.  While  stopping  erosion,  they  are  growing  rapidly 
into  valuable  fuel  wood. 

mesa  lands  of  poor  quality  is  well  indicated  by  groves  Nos.  11-21, 
inclusive  (figs.  2  and  6),  where  the  mean  annual  growth  exceeded  four 
cords  per  acre  in  only  one  grove.  Likewise  slow  mean  annual  growth 
is  recorded  in  groves  Nos.  31-41  on  the  shallow,  gravelly  adobe  slopes 
of  the  Berkeley  and  Livermore  hills.  The  influence  of  competition 
by  redwood  sprout  growth  is  shown  in  No.  53  (fig.  9).    The  abnormally 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     13 

high  rate  of  growth  in  the  King  City  grove  No.  62  resulted  from  a 
mixed  planting  in  which  the  Blue  Gum  far  outstripped  the  other 
species  in  rapidity  of  growth  and  had  unusual  space  for  development. 
What  are  probably  the  two  finest  groves  of  this  species  in  the  state  are 
both  in  Alameda  County ;  one  on  the  University  of  California  campus 
at  Berkeley  (No.  46,  see  frontispiece  and  fig.  4),  the  other  on  the 
Patterson  Ranch  near  Arden.  Both  of  these  groves  are  growing  on 
bottomland  soil  of  good  quality,  and  have  been  thinned  at  intervals 
so  as  to  give  the  best  trees  room  for  individual  development.  The 
Patterson  grove  was  not  included  in  the  table  as  it  was  impossible  to 
secure  exact  information  as  to  its  age.  It  is  of  great  interest,  however 
as  an  example  of  mixed  planting.  The  Eucalyptus  trees  were  spaced 
24  by  24  feet,  the  intervening  spaces  at  8-foot  intervals  being  occupied 
temporarily  by  Lombardy  poplars.  This  species  in  spite  of  its  rapid 
growth  was  able  to  persist  in  the  stand  for  only  about  15  to  20  years, 
after  which  the  trees  were  quickly  overtopped  and  killed  out  by  the 
Eucalyptus.  The  resulting  stand  of  Blue  Gum  is  exceptionally  fine 
because  of  the  large  size  and  perfect  development  of  the  individual 
trees. 

Ten  of  the  sixty-seven  groves  have  been  measured  twice  and  in 
each  case  the  remeasurement  figures  are  given  in  Table  1  on  the  line 
following  the  original  measurement  figures.  This  makes  it  possible 
to  compare  the  two  sets  of  figures  directly  in  order  to  give  an  indica- 
tion of  the  periodic  growth.  It  will  be  noted  that  in  one  or  two  cases 
the  average  diameter  or  height  at  the  time  of  the  second  measurement 
is  less  than  the  previous  one  by  a  slight  amount.  This  is  explained 
by  the  death  or  removal  of  several  of  the  larger  trees  from  the  measured 
rows. 

For  method  of  taking  field  measurements  see  appendix  I. 
A  Yield  Table  for  Blue  Gum. 

On  the  basis  of  the  measurements  of  the  67  groves  shown  in  Table  1 
it  has  seemed  desirable  to  derive  a  tentative  yield  table  which  will  give 
the  approximate  volume  production  of  Blue  Gum  plantations  at 
different  ages  on  sites  of  good,  medium  and  poor  quality.  The  data 
were  arranged  according  to  the  height  method  (see  appendix  II  for 
details)  and  the  final  yield  figures  are  given  in  Table  2. 

All  of  the  groves  classified  as  Site  I  are  growing  on  deep  bottom- 
land soil  of  good  agricultural  quality,  with  the  water  table  near  the 
surface  of  the  ground  for  a  considerable  part  of  each  year.  Such 
sites  should  therefore  be  considered  of  too  high  quality  to  be  used  for 
growing  Eucalyptus  trees  and  eventually  all  groves  on  this  type  of 
land  will  be  cleared  and  devoted  to  the  growing  of  agricultural  crops. 


14 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 


An  example  may  be  cited  in  the  case  of  the  C.  B.  Turton  grove  in 
Orange  County  (No.  7)  which,  although  making  very  rapid  growth, 
is  being  clear  cut  in  1923  in  order  that  the  land  may  be  devoted  to  the 
raising  of  walnuts.  Adjacent  land  in  bearing  walnut  trees  is  said  to 
be  worth  about  $1,000  per  acre. 


TABLE  2 
Yield  of  Eucalyptus  Globulus  on  Different  Sites 


Volume  in  solid  cubic  feet,  including  bark 

Age,  years 

Site  I 

Site  II 

Site  III 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

300 
1,050 
2,150 
4,400 
6,100 
7,450 
8,550 
9,600 
10,500 
11,450 

100 
600 
1,350 
2,400 
3,400 
4,350 
5,150 
5,900 
6,500 
7,100 

0 
250 
750 
1,400 
2,050 
2,550 
2,900 
3,250 
3,500 
3,800 

To  convert  to  standard  cords   (4'x4'x8')   divide  above  figures  by  90. 

The  growth  in  plantations  classified  as  Site  II  is  slower  than  in 
those  of  Site  I  because  of  poor  soil,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Los  Berros 
Mesa  groves  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County ;  deficient  moisture,  as  in  the 
case  of  groves  in  inland  valleys ;  or  other  unfavorable  factors.  Many 
of  these  soils  would  grow  fair  to  good  agricultural  crops  under  irriga- 
tion, and  where  water  can  be  developed  as  in  the  Santa  Fe  Railway 
plantation  area  in  San  Diego  County,  the  Eucalypts  are  forced  to  give 
way  to  more  valuable  crops. 

The  Site  III  groves  are  usually  on  land  too  steep,  too  infertile,  too 
arid,  or  exposed  to  too  severe  winds  to  be  valuable  for  agriculture. 
These  and  the  Site  II  groves  on  which  irrigation  is  not  feasible,  are 
probably  the  only  sites  which  will  be  permanently  devoted  to  growing 
Eucalyptus  trees.  At  some  time  in  the  future  it  may  be  desirable  to 
draw  up  a  new  yield  table  from  which  all  strictly  agricultural  areas 
will  be  omitted,  but  it  is  felt  that  the  above  figures  are  adequate  for 
the  present  and  the  immediate  future.  Planting  of  Eucalyptus  will 
undoubtedly  be  continued  and  extended  on  many  strictly  agricultural 
soils  to  utilize  small,  odd-shaped  corners  of  the  ranch ;  steep  creek 
banks  or  other  slopes;  (fig.  8)  or  in  long  narrow  shelterbelts  which 
will  furnish  protection  from  hot,  drying  winds.  The  Site  I  figures 
given  above  will  be  a  good  index  of  the  volume  growth  possible  under 
such  conditions. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     15 


Red  Gum  (Eucalyptus  rostrata) 

Next  to  Blue  Gum  the  Red  Gum  (Eucalyptus  rostrata)  has  been 
used  most  extensively  in  California  plantations.  It  is  somewhat  more 
frost  resistant  than  the  Blue  Gum  and  has  generally  been  used  on 
sites  believed  to  be  too  cold  for  the  latter.    It  is  also  able  to  withstand 


Fig.  9.  Fig.  10. 

Fig.  9. — Blue  Gum  plantation  on  cut-over  Redwood  land  along  the  Noyo 
River,  Mendocino  County.  At  10  years  of  age  there  are  340  surviving  trees 
per  acre  of  which  34  per  cent  are  small,  stunted  scrubs.  The  others  average 
5.1  inches  d.b.h.  and  52  feet  in  height,  but  the  crown  cover  is  so  thin  that  they 
have  had  no  effect  on  Redwtood  sprout  reproduction. 

Fig.  10. — Red  Gum  plantation  11  years  old  on  good  sandy  loam  soil  near 
Dunnigan,  Yolo  County.  The  crooked  habit  of  growth  of  this  species  is  well 
shown. 


more  severe  drought  and  alkali  conditions  than  the  Blue  Gum  but  in 
some  places  has  been  a  practical  failure  where  these  two  factors  were 
excessively  severe.  The  typical  Red  Gum  under  California  conditions 
has  leaves  which  are  narrower  and  of  finer  texture  than  those  of  Blue 
Gum.     They  are  borne  in  gracefully  drooping  sprays  of  foliage;  the 


16 


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BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS      17 

slender  twigs  being  bright  red.  The  flowers  and  fruits  are  less  than 
one-fifth  the  size  of  those  of  the  Blue  Gum,  are  prominently  stalked 
and  borne  in  umbel-like  clusters  of  seven  or  more  flowers  to  the  cluster. 
The  flowers  are  borne  in  great  profusion  and  are  white  or  cream 
colored.  The  buds  are  sharply  pointed,  and  the  caps  which  fall  before 
the  flowers  open  are  like  tiny  cornucopias,  about  %  inch  across  the 
open  end.  The  fruits  when  ripe  are  almost  globular  in  shape,  about 
%6  inch  in  diameter  and  look  like  clusters  of  small  greenish  brown  shoe 
buttons.  The  Red  Gum  and  the  following  species,  the  Gray  Gum,  are 
very  similar  in  all  of  the  above  characteristics,  and  even  in  Australia  it 
is  often  difficult  to  tell  the  trees  apart.  Under  these  conditions  it  is 
inevitable  that  there  should  have  been  some  mixing  in  seed  collecting 
and  varying  percentages  of  both  species  are  undoubtedly  present  in 
groves  planted  for  either.  The  Red  Gum  under  California  conditions 
is  almost  invariably  very  crooked  in  its  habit  of  growth,  a  large  per- 
centage of  trees  have  forked  tops  which  gives  them  a  somewhat  stunted 
appearance  even  when  they  have  attained  considerable  size.  These 
characteristics,  together  with  the  smooth,  generally  unmottled  bark, 
red  twigs  and  drooping  sprays  of  foliage  may  be  used  to  distinguish 
this  species. 

In  Australia  the  Red  Gum  (preferably  called  River  Red  Gum  or 
Murray  River  Gum)  is  a  large  wide  spreading  tree  with  a  short, 
crooked  trunk ;  somewhat  like  an  apple  tree  in  general  appearance,  but 
much  larger  and  having  a  beautiful  dome-shaped  crown.  It  has  a 
very  wide  range,  occurring  in  all  of  the  states  except  Tasmania  but 
reaching  its  best  development  on  the  open  bottomlands  of  the  Murray 
River  and  its  tributaries  between  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales. 
Here  well  grown  mature  trees  are  often  100  feet  high,  but  it  is  not 
considered  a  suitable  tree  for  timber  on  account  of  its  poor  form 
(fig.  10).  The  wood  is  a  beautiful  pinkish  red  color,  very  hard  with  a 
much  twisted  and  interlocked  grain  which  makes  it  difficult  to  season, 
but  is  very  durable  in  the  soil.  The  wood  is  highly  valued  for  heavy 
wagon  wheel  felloes  and  similar  purposes,  also  for  railway  ties  and 
underground  portions  of  buildings.  Although  quite  ornamental  it  is 
rarely  used  for  furniture  because  of  its  hardness  and  the  twisted  grain. 

It  will  be  noted  from  Table  3  that  the  rapidity  of  growth  of  Red 
Gum  is  less  than  half  that  of  Blue  Gum.  This  might  be  expected  where 
the  tree  has  been  planted  under  colder  drier  conditions,  but  it  also 
holds  true  where  the  two  species  are  growing  in  adjacent  plantations. 
The  Red  Gum  is  not  well  suited  to  the  conditions  obtaining  along  the 
coast  where  the  Blue  Gum  is  at  its  best,  but  has  made  its  best  growth 
in  the  interior  valley  sections  (Yolo  and  Stanislaus  counties)  and  in 


18  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

southern  California.  Because  of  its  ability  to  withstand  drought  and 
alkali  this  tree  has  often  been  planted  under  such  severe  conditions 
that  it  had  very  little  chance  to  make  satisfactory  growth.  Hard  pan 
near  the  surface,  as  at  Clay  Station,  Sacramento  County,  or  excessive 
amounts  of  alkali,  as  in  the  groves  at  Pixley,  Tulare  County,  have 
resulted  in  high  percentage  of  failure  in  the  plantations  and  scrubby 
form  of  trees. 

On  the  basis  of  the  above  measurements,  no  attempt  has  been  made 
to  classify  the  groves  of  this  species  according  to  site  quality  or  to 
develop  even  a  preliminary  yield  table.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  mean 
annual  growth  of  even  the  best  Red  Gum  groves  averages  only  about 
two  cords  per  acre,  and  the  maximum  growth  recorded,  2.8  cords  per 
acre  per  year,  was  made  in  a  small  grove  on  the  University  Farm  at 
Davis  where  soil  conditions  are  optimum  and  the  trees  had  good  irri- 
gation at  intervals  as  a  sewage  reservoir  is  located  within  the  planta- 
tion. In  Australia  the  River  Red  Gum  is  not  a  dry  land  tree,  but 
reaches  its  best  development  in  open  stands, on  bottomland  flats  where 
it  is  subject  to  frequent  flooding.  A  grove  near  the  Yolo  Causeway 
between  Davis  and  Sacramento  has  been  subject  to  winter  flooding  on 
several  occasions,  but  other  conditions  on  that  site  have  not  been  good 
enough  to  make  the  grove  even  a  moderate  success.  Several  groves  of 
this  species  have  been  planted  in  the  Imperial  Valley  where  they  have 
persisted  under  the  extreme  heat  conditions  only  because  the  planta- 
tions have  been  flooded  at  about  monthly  intervals  during  the  dry 
season. 

Gray  Gum  (Eucalyptus  tereticornis) 

The  Gray  Gum  or  Forest  Red  Gum  as  it  is  called  in  Australia,  is 
so  closely  related  to  the  Red  Gum  as  to  be  considered  by  many  authori- 
ties as  a  variety  of  that  species.  Extreme  forms  may  be  easily  recog- 
nized from  the  Red  Gum  by  the  mottled  bark,  broad  leaves,  heavier 
fruits  and  the  generally  erect  habit  of  growth ;  but  in  many  cases  it  is 
practically  impossible  to  tell  which  of  the  two  trees  predominates  in  a 
given  stand.  The  erect  habit  of  growth  has  been  taken  as  the  most 
reliable  indication  of  Gray  Gum  although  the  other  factors  were  also 
used  where  possible. 

The  Gray  Gum  is  evidently  more  susceptible  to  frost  than  either  the 
Blue  or  Red  Gums,  but  it  seems  to  stand  heat  and  drought  better  than 
any  of  the  more  commonly  planted  species  (figs.  11  and  13).  This  is 
well  demonstrated  in  the  plantations  near  Lakeside,  San  Diego  County, 
where  groves  of  the  four  species  are  growing  in  closely  adjacent  blocks 
on  decomposed  granite  soil  of  very  open  texture.     The  low  annual 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     19 

rainfall,  high  summer  temperatures,  and  coarse  textured  soil  combine 
to  make  the  site  one  of  extreme  drought.  All  four  species  show  the 
effects  of  these  conditions  but  the  Gray  Gum  looks  more  thrifty  and 
shows  a  higher  percentage  of  survival  than  the  others.  Sugar  Gum  is 
next  in  order  of  thrift  on  this  site,  followed  by  Red  and  Blue  Gums. 


Fig.  11. — Trees  in  a  9-year-old  plantation  of  Gray  Gum  growing  on  decom- 
posed granite  foothill  land  near  Del  Eosa,  San  Bernardino  County.  This  species 
shows  up  well  under  the  extremely  dry  conditions  of  this  site. 

The  last  species  is  unable  to  persist  here  except  in  the  gully  bottoms 
where  the  supply  of  soil  moisture  is  higher  than  on  the  slopes  or 
ridges  (fig.  3). 

In  Australia  the  Forest  Red  Gum  is  not  as  widely  distributed  as 
Eucalyptus  rostrata.  It  reaches  150  feet  in  height,  has  a  much  better 
form  and  its  wood,  though  similar  to  rostrata,  is  preferred  because 
straight  grained. 


20 


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BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     21 

The  results  of  measurements  of  twenty  groves  of  Gray  Gum  are 
summarized  in  Table  4,  in  which  it  will  be  noted  that  the  mean  annual 
growth  of  this  species  rarely  exceeds  1%  cords  per  acre,  and  the 
average  is  less  than  one  cord  per  acre  per  year.  Groves  numbered 
6  and  17  in  which  maximum  growth  of  1.71  and  1.93  cords  per  acre 
per  year  were  recorded,  are  both  growing  on  sandy  loam  soil  of  excel- 
lent quality  with  better  than  average  soil  moisture  conditions.  Groves 
2  and  2a  in  Solano  County  (fig.  12)  have  had  exceedingly  good  care 
including  adequate  early  cultivation  and  recent  thinning  to  remove  the 


Fig.  12. — A  well  kept  grove  of  Gray  Gum  11  years  old  growing  on  sandy 
loam  soil  near  Vacaville,  Solano  County.  Inferior  trees  have  been  removed  in 
thinning  operations  and  the  brush  is  piled  ready  for  burning. 

poorer  individuals,  but  the  mean  annual  growth  has  only  been  at  the 
rate  of  about  one  cord  per  acre.  It  therefore  seems  unlikely  that  the 
rate  of  growth  of  this  species  will  ever  greatly  exceed  one  cord  per 
acre  per  year  even  on  sites  of  better  than  average  quality.  It  is  recom- 
mended for  its  ability  to  grow  under  extreme  conditions  of  drought, 
but  it  will  not  stand  as  much  frost  as  either  Blue  or  Red  Gums.  Grove 
No.  16  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  has  been  a  complete  failure  because 
of  repeated  injury  by  frost. 


Sugar  Gum  (Eucalyptus  corynocalyx — E.  cladocalyx) 

Sugar  Gum  trees  may  be  easily  recognized  by  their  smooth  yellowish 
mottled  trunks,  the  bark  of  which  does  not  come  off  in  vertical  strips, 
but  is  shed  in  small  plate-like  scales.    The  leaves  are  not  sickle-shaped, 


22 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


but  are  rather  oval  and  blunt  pointed.  A  prominent  characteristic  of 
this  species  is  the  reddish  young  foliage  which  makes  plantations  of 
these  trees  stand  out  clearly  on  the  landscape.  The  flowers  are  borne 
in  clusters  of  ten  or  more  on  a  stalk,  and  the  fruits  are  about  twice 
the  size  of  those  of  the  Red  Gum  and  rather  barrel-shaped  in  outline. 
These  characteristics  are  so  definite  as  to  make  this  species  easily 
distinguished  from  any  of  the  other  commonly  planted  Eucalyptus. 


Fig.  13.  Fig.  14. 

Fig.  13. — Twelve-year-old  trees  of  Gray  Gum  (E.  tereiicornis)  at  the  right; 
and  Sugar  Gum  (E.  corynocalyx)  at  the  left,  growing  on  the  Bixby  Eanch,  Orange 
County.  The  Sugar  Gums  were  removed  in  1920,  after  water  became  available, 
and  the  land  is  now  occupied  by  an  irrigated  lemon  grove. 

Fig.  14. — Sugar  Gums  lining  this  Santa  Monica  avenue  are  about  25  years 
old.  The  tall  mottled  trunks  and  reddish  upper  foliage  of  this  species  make  it 
very  desirable  for  street  and  highway  planting  in  southern  California. 

The  Sugar  Gum  is  very  drought  resistant  but  is  subject  to  injury 
by  frost.  Therefore  it  is  best  suited  to  the  climate  of  the  southern  part 
of  the  state,  and  where  planted  north  of  Santa  Barbara  County,  will 
only  survive  in  situations  which,  because  of  favorable  air  drainage,  are 
comparatively  free  from  frost.    A  20-aere  plot  of  Sugar  Gums  on  the 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     23 

Brintnall  property  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County  was  finally  plowed  out 
after  the  trees  had  been  frozen  down  to  the  ground  several  times. 
The  groves  at  Arden,  Alameda  County,  are  growing  in  a  sheltered 
spot  near  the  ranch  buildings  where  the  trees  are  protected  by  adjacent 
plantations  of  Blue  and  Red  Gums.  A  small  grove  of  these  trees  is 
growing  on  a  south  slope  in  Strawberry  Canyon,  Alameda  County, 
where  the  trees  seem  never  to  have  been  injured  by  frost.  A  few  trees 
at  the  Chico  Forestry  Station  in  Butte  County,  have  been  severely 
frozen  back  on  several  occasions.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  the 
cultivation  of  this  species  should  not  be  attempted  in  the  central  or 


Fig.  15. — A  Sugar  Gum  plantation  on  the  Murphy  Ranch  near  East  Whittier, 
Los  Angeles  County.  The  Sugar  Gum  is  very  drought  resistant  but  is  easily 
injured  by  frost.     Avocado  trees  in  foreground. 


northern  parts  of  the  state.  In  South  Australia  it  is  considered  one 
of  the  most  drought  resistant  species  and  capable  of  withstanding 
adverse  treatment.  In  southern  California  it  is  largely  planted  as  a 
highway  and  shade  tree  (fig.  14). 

A  summary  of  the  growth  measurements  of  seventeen  Sugar  Gum 
plantations  is  given  in  Table  5  from  which  it  will  be  noted  that  the 
average  rate  of  growth  per  year  (1.22  cords)  is  about  the  same  as  that 
of  Red  Gum  and  considerably  in  excess  of  the  growth  made  by  Gray 
Gum.  The  very  rapid  growth  made  by  the  trees  in  grove  No.  1,  in 
Alameda  County,  may  be  explained  by  the  wide  spacing  (15  by  16 
feet),  excellent  soil  conditions  and  a  succession  of  favorable  warm 
winters  during  the  time  that  the  trees  were  small  enough  to  be  subject 


24 


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BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     25 

to  frost  injury.  The  growth  of  groves  Nos.  2  and  3,  although  growing 
in  soil  of  the  same  character,  and  within  a  half  mile  of  No.  1,  was 
slower  because  of  severe  injury  from  frost  on  several  occasions  and  a 
closer  spacing. 

The  largest  Sugar  Gum  plantation  in  the  state  is  that  situated  near 
East  Whittier,  Los  Angeles  County,  on  the  Murphy  Ranch  (fig.  15). 
The  spacing  here  is  6  by  8  feet  and  the  site  is  a  dry  rolling  adobe 
foothill  slope.  The  trees  have  had  no  irrigation  or  cultivation  since 
the  year  after  planting,  but  have  grown  very  well  under  the  trying 
conditions.  The  grove  near  Santa  Barbara  is  growing  on  a  steep 
slope,  has  had  no  cultivation  or  care  since  planting,  but  has  grown  at 
the  rate  of  1.43  cords  per  acre  per  year.  The  foothill  groves  in  Orange 
and  San  Diego  counties  show  the  unfavorable  influence  of  extreme 
drought  in  the  more  or  less  stunted  form  of  the  trees  and  slower  rate  of 
growth  (fig.  13). 

"While  the  rate  of  growth  of  this  species  is  about  the  same  as  that 
of  Red  Gum  the  trees  show  much  better  form  and  can  be  used  for  poles 
or  piling,  for  which  uses  the  Red  Gum  is  usually  too  crooked. 

Miscellaneous  Species 

Between  sixty  and  seventy-five  species  of  Eucalyptus  are  present 
in  California,  but  most  of  them  have  been  set  out  as  single  trees  or  in 
small  groups  and  are  not  found  in  plantations  of  any  considerable  size. 
Besides  the  four  principal  species  already  discussed  twenty-one  species 
were  found  to  be  growing  in  plantations  large  enough  to  warrant 
measurement.  Most  of  these  were  growing  only  at  the  Santa  Monica 
Forestry  Station  or  in  the  Del  Rosa  experimental  plantations  of  the 
U.  S.  Forest  Service  in  San  Bernardino  County,  but  in  a  few  cases 
plantations  were  found  in  other  localities.  The  measurements  in  these 
various  groves  are  summarized  in  Table  6,  the  calculations  of  volume 
being  based  on  the  Blue  Gum  taper  measurements. 

It  will  be  noted  that  very  few  of  the  species  shown  in  Table  6  com- 
pare favorably  in  rate  of  growth  with  the  four  principal  species.  For 
most  of  them  the  mean  annual  growth  is  between  one-half  and  one  cord 
per  acre,  indicating  a  low  degree  of  adaptability  to  California  con- 
ditions. A  few  of  the  more  promising  species  may  be  briefly  discussed 
as  follows : 

Manna  Gum  (E.  viminalis)  most  nearly  resembles  Blue  Gum  in 
its  climatic  and  soil  requirements  as  well  as  in  rate  of  growth.  In 
Australia  it  grows  to  immense  size  (250  feet)  but  is  a  moisture  loving 
tree,  frequenting  rich  pockets  in  the  hill  country  up  to  4000  feet  eleva- 


26 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


tion.  It  grows  rapidly  and  is  abundant  in  Tasmania  and  Victoria,  also 
occurring  in  New  South  Wales  and  South  Australia.  The  trunk 
appears  in  two  forms,  one  with  outer  bark  very  rough  and  scaly  or 
fibrous  and  adhering  well  up  into  the  crown,  and  another  with  the 
outer  bark  almost  entirely  exfoliated,  leaving  a  clean,  smooth,  white 
bole.     The  timber  is  not  durable  and  is  not  often  used.     The  leaves 


Fig.  10.  Fig.   17. 

Fig.  16. — A  9-year-old  grove  of  Manna  Gum  (E.  viminalis)  on  adobe  clay 
soil  in  Wildcat  Canyon,  Contra  Costa  County.  The  spacing  is  8  X  8  feet.  The 
trees  have  made  relatively  slow  growth  on  this  heavy  soil  and  northerly 
exposure. 

Fig.  17. — These  two  Manna  Gums  on  the  Chico  Forestry  Station,  Butte 
County,  were  over  100  feet  high  at  28  years  of  age.  The  Manna  Gum  is  an 
excellent  tree  for  many  parts  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys 
because  of  its  resistance  to  frost  injury  and  its  rapidity  of  growth. 

shed  a  sort  of  "manna,"  whence  its  name.  The  latter  characteristic 
has  not  been  noted  in  California  plantations,  but  the  species  may  be 
easily  recognized  by  its  straight,  cylindrical,  usually  chalky  white 
trunk;  narrow  sickle-shaped  leaves;  and  small,  green  shoe-button-like 
fruits  which  are  usually  borne  in  threes  in  the  shape  of  a  cross.  Groves 
1  and  4  indicate  the  rapid  growth  of  this  species  in  the  central  coast 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     27 

counties  when  widely  spaced  on  fairly  good  soil.  Grove  5  in  Contra 
Costa  County  has  made  poorer  growth,  as  the  soil  is  a  heavy  adobe 
clay  and  the  situation  is  a  cold,  northeast  slope  (fig.  16).  The  spacing 
in  this  grove  was  also  closer  than  in  groves  1  and  4.  Manna  Gum  seems 
poorly  suited  to  climatic  and  soil  conditions  of  southern  California; 
large  losses  occurred  in  the  mesa  plantation  at  Santa  Monica,  while 
the  best  trees  in  this  part  of  the  state  were  growing  on  fertile,  sandy 
loam  bottomland  near  the  Santa  Ana  River  in  Orange  County. 

One  of  the  largest  Manna  Gum  trees  in  the  state  is  situated  on  the 
ranch  of  J.  C.  McCubbin  near  Reedley,  Tulare  County.  This  tree  is 
growing  in  the  open  and  has  received  soil  moisture  in  large  quantities 
from  the  irrigation  of  adjacent  vineyards.  Other  fine  specimens  are 
growing  in  the  San  Joaquin  County  Hospital  grounds  near  Stockton, 
in  the  parks  of  Sacramento,  and  at  many  other  points  in  the  Great 
Valley.  A  group  of  about  25  trees  at  the  Chico  Forestry  Station,  Butte 
County,  have  grown  more  rapidly  and  are  larger  and  more  perfect  in 
their  development  than  any  other  trees  on  the  station  (fig.  17).  They 
have  at  all  times  of  the  year  an  adequate  supply  of  soil  moisture  from 
a  nearby  creek.  Well  grown  individual  trees  have  been  noted  as  far 
north  along  the  coast  as  Humboldt  County  and  in  every  case  the  trees 
seem  very  frost  hardy.  It  seems  evident  that  Manna  Gum  is  second 
only  to  Blue  Gum  in  rate  of  growth  and  adaptability  to  a  wide  range 
of  California  conditions,  but  like  Blue  Gum,  it  has  the  disadvantage 
of  producing  a  poorer  quality  of  wood  than  that  of  many  other 
Eucalyptus. 

Bed  Ironbark  (E.  sideroxylon)  often  called  Black  Ironbark,  is 
widely  distributed  but  not  very  abundant  in  Victoria,  New  South 
Wales  and  Queensland  at  elevations  below  2000  feet  where  mature 
trees  yield  excellent  hard,  dark  red,  durable  timber,  but  clear  lumber 
is  hard  to  get  because  of  the  presence  of  "shake"  or  resin  pockets. 
It  seems  not  to  be  thoroughly  at  home  in  California  and  plantations 
have  grown  with  only  moderate  rapidity.  The  species  may  be  recog- 
nized by  its  coal-black,  furrowed  bark,  which  is  full  of  grains  of  shiny, 
resinous  kino.  The  foliage  is  bluish  green  and  the  ultimate  branchlets 
have  a  gracefully  weeping  habit.  The  flowers  are  pink  or  reddish  in 
color  and  the  fruits  are  goblet  shaped,  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
in  length,  shiny  purplish  brown  in  color  and  they  occur  in  threes  on 
long  stalks.  Red  Ironbark  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  in  the 
mixed  plantation  at  Santa  Monica  but  when  grown  in  the  open  it  has 
not  been  satisfactory  because  of  severe  damage  by  wind  (fig.  18).  The 
species  is  not  very  frost  hardy  and  in  general  cannot  be  considered 
very  satisfactory  for  growing  in  California. 


28 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


White  Ironbark  (E.  leucoxylon)  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  preced- 
ing species  in  regard  to  its  leaves,  flowers  and  fruits,  but  may  usually 
be  easily  distinguished  by  its  smooth,  chalky -white  bark.  In  Australia 
it  is  a  medium  sized  tree  with  coarse  outer  bark,  which  is  often  persist- 
ent so  as  not  to  expose  the  clear  white  inner  bark.    Wood  from  mature 


Fig.  18.  Fig.  19. 

Fig.  18. — Ked  Iron  bark  (E.  sideroxylon)  is  a  beautiful  ornamental  tree  for 
parts  of  southern  California  but  when  grown  farther  north,  it  has  been  subject 
to  damage  by  wind  and  frost.  The  poor  form  of  these  street  trees  in  Decoto, 
Alameda  County,  emphasizes  this  point. 

Fig.  19 — Ked  Ironbark  and  Manna  Gum  growing  near  Del  Eosa,  San  Bernardino 
County,  made  fairly  good  growth  for  such  a  dry  site.  The  picture  was  taken 
six  months  after  all  of  these  experimental  plantations  had  been  completely 
destroyed  by  the  severe  fire  of  October,  1922.  Plantations  are  very  subject  to 
fire  damage  and  should  be  carefully  protected. 


Australian  trees  is  light  pinkish  gray  in  color  and  dries  well  but 
slowly.  It  is  durable  and  makes  good  but  hard  lumber.  In  California, 
White  Ironbark  is  not  a  straight  tree,  but  usually  grows  with  a  some- 
what twisted  and  branched  trunk.  Its  light  yellow  or  pink  flowers  are 
produced  in  great  profusion  and  these  with  the  white,  irregular  shaped 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     29 

trunk  make  the  tree  very  desirable  for  ornamental  purposes.  The 
three  groves  measured  indicate  that  under  fairly  good  soil  conditions 
in  southern  California  this  species  will  produce  slightly  more  than  one 
cord  per  acre  per  year.  Very  few  trees  of  this  species  have  been 
planted  in  the  central  or  northern  part  of  the  state,  and  practically 
all  of  those  observed  show  more  or  less  serious  frost  injury.  A  single 
White  Ironbark  on  the  Chico  Forestry  Station  has  a  short,  scrubby, 
much  branched  top,  the  result  of  repeated  freezing  back ;  and  a  tree 
on  the  campus  at  Berkeley  is  very  similar  in  its  habit  of  growth.  The 
species  cannot  be  recommended  for  planting  outside  of  southern 
California  except  in  sheltered,  frostless  situations. 

Bed  or  Forest  Mahogany  (E.  resinifera)  in  its  native  habitat  is  a 
medium  size  tree  of  local  distribution  in  the  coast  regions  of  New 
South  Wales  and  Queensland,  usually  scattered  in  stands  of  other 
species  on  moist  sites  but  is  sometimes  found  on  dry  hillsides.  The 
lumber  is  straight  grained  and  works  well,  but  is  not  durable.  The 
timber  is  not  extensively  used,  probably  because  of  its  scattered  dis- 
tribution. In  California,  when  grown  under  good  conditions  of  soil, 
moisture  and  climate,  the  Red  Mahogany  produces  a  splendid  straight 
stem  clothed  with  soft  fibrous  reddish  bark.  The  leaves  are  thick  and 
glossy  green  and  borne  on  dark  red  twigs  while  the  clustered  fruits 
are  slightly  constricted  at  the  base.  All  of  these  characteristics  make 
the  tree  easy  to  recognize.  The  chief  difficulty  with  this  species  is  its 
susceptibility  to  frost.  Preliminary  tests  of  the  wood  showed  it  to  be 
superior  to  most  Eucalyptus  grown  in  California,  but  frost  injury  has 
caused  the  removal  of  several  groves  of  this  species  and  it  cannot  be 
considered  a  satisfactory  tree  except  in  nearly  frost  free  localities.  It 
is  very  desirable  as  a  decorative  tree  for  southern  California,  and 
although  its  growth  is  only  moderately  rapid,  its  good  form  and  the 
comparative  durability  of  its  wood  may  make  this  species  suitable  for 
poles  and  piling.  It  cannot  be  grown  satisfactorily  in  the  central  or 
northern  parts  of  the  state. 

Sydney  Blue  Gum  or  Flooded  Gum  {E.  saligna)  and  Swamp 
Mahogany  (E.  ootryoides)  are  very  similar  in  character  except  that 
the  former  has  a  smooth  whitish  or  greenish  upper  bark  and  is  a  large 
tree,  while  the  latter  has  coarse,  rough  bark  throughout  and  is  smaller 
and  scrubbier.  Dr.  Maiden  is  inclined  to  consider  ootryoides  as  a 
variety  of  saligna.  In  New  South  Wales  and  Queensland  both  trees 
grow  best  on  moist  bottom  lands,  damp  valleys  and  hollows  of  the 
mountains.  The  wood  of  saligna  is  one  of  the  best  very  hard  woods  of 
eastern  Australia.  It  is  tough,  very  hard,  of  a  bright  pink  color  and 
is  straight  grained  with  a  somewhat  interlocking  fiber.     It  is  highly 


30  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

valued  for  wagonwheel  felloes  and  hubs,  and  being  very  durable  is 
extensively  used  for  railway  ties  and  in  boat  building.  E.  botryoides 
is  said  to  be  the  finest  shade  tree  among  the  Eucalypts  for  Australian 
conditions. 

Fine  specimen  trees  of  both  Flooded  Gum  and  Swamp  Mahogany 
are  present  in  the  mixed  plantation  at  the  Santa  Monica  Station,  but 
since  both  are  moisture  loving  species,  they  cannot  be  expected  to 
make  very  satisfactory  growth  on  most  of  the  semi-arid  sites  in  Cali- 
fornia without  irrigation.  It  is  rather  remarkable  that  both  have 
grown  at  the  rate  of  over  one  cord  per  acre  per  year  on  sites  as  dry  as 
those  at  Santa  Monica  and  in  the  Livermore  Hills.  As  neither  of  these 
trees  is  especially  frost  hardy,  they  should  be  planted  with  caution 
except  in  sheltered  or  frost  free  situations. 

Karri  (E.  diversicolor)  is  the  giant  tree  of  Western  Australia  which 
reaches  a  height  of  300  feet  and  vies  with  the  Victorian  Mountain  Ash 
(E.  regnans)  for  supremacy  in  size  among  Australian  trees.  Karri 
grows  in  a  comparatively  small  region  usually  on  damp,  rich  flats 
where  no  frost  occurs.  Its  wood  is  bright  cherry  red,  is  very  hard,  not 
durable,  and  checks  badly  in  drying,  but  because  of  the  great  size  of 
the  trees,  timber  may  be  obtained  in  immense  sizes  free  from  all  defects 
and  great  quantities  of  it  are  exported  as  railway  ties  or  scantlings. 
Karri  is  apparently  poorly  suited  to  California  conditions,  being  slow 
in  rate  of  growth  and  easily  injured  by  frost  and  wind.  Individual 
Karri  trees  at  Santa  Monica  have  outstripped  all  other  species  in  rate 
of  height  growth,  but  growth  in  plantations  has  not  been  satisfactory. 
This  species  will  not  succeed  except  in  sheltered  and  practically  frost 
free  situations. 

Messmate  Stringybark  (E.  obliqua)  although  rare  in  plantations 
is  deserving  of  special  mention  because  of  its  frost  hardiness.  In  its 
native  region  it  grows  very  tall  (250  feet)  and  it  is  considered  one  of 
the  hardiest  timber  trees  in  Australia.  In  Tasmania,  Victoria  and 
New  South  Wales  it  is  a  common  associate  of  the  Giant  Gum  (E. 
regnans)  and  above  2000  feet  elevation  it  forms  mixed  stands  with 
E.  delegatensis,  another  very  hardy  species  which  has  not  as  yet  been 
tried  in  California.  The  two  species  are  cut  together  and  sold  as 
"Tasmanian  Oak,"  used  mainly  for  car  construction.  The  Messmate 
Stringybark  is  a  rough  barked  tree,  very  straight  and  tall,  and  the 
timber  is  extensively  used  for  scantlings  and  rough  construction. 
Although  fairly  durable  the  timber  is  usually  of  very  poor  quality  on 
account  of  numerous  pockets  filled  with  red,  liquid  kino  gum.  It 
chacks  badly  in  drying,  and  is  generally  inferior  to  the  Mountain  Ash 
(E.  regnans)  for  building  and  carpentry.    Del  Rosa  is  the  only  place 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     31 

in  California  where  this  species  is  growing  in  plantation  form  but 
individual  specimens  are  found  at  many  points  in  the  state.  At  the 
Chico  Station  in  Butte  County  this  tree  has  made  individual  growth 
which  is  exceeded  only  by  Manna  Gum,  Blue  Gum  and  Red  Gum,  and 
many  fine  trees  of  this  species  are  growing  in  the  San  Francisco  Bay 
region.    These  trees  are  easily  recognizable  by  their  rough,  fibrous  bark 


Fig.  20.  Fig.  21. 

Fig.  20. — Specimen  rows  of  Lemon  Scented  Gum  (E.  maculata  citriodora) 
which  have  persisted  on  the  dry  gravelly  foothill  soil  of  the  Bixby  Kanch, 
Orange  County,  but  have  made  very  slow  growth.  On  good  soil  and  with  some 
irrigation,  this  is  a  beautiful  ornamental  tree. 

Fig.  21. — This-  pile  of  12-inch  cordwood  was  cut  from  an  average  tree 
(4.8  inches  by  53  feet)  in  a  T^-year-old  Blue  Gum  grove  near  Lakeside,  San 
Diego  County."  When  stacked  as  shown,  it  measured  3%  stacked  cubic  feet,  or 
34  such  trees  are  required  to  produce  one  standard  cord  of  12-inch  fire  wood. 
Fuel  is  the  chief  use  to  which  the  California  grown  Eucalyptus  have  been  put. 


and  the  unsymmetrical  form  of  the  base  of  the  leaves.  It  seems  certain 
that  this  tree  will  do  well  in  plantations  under  a  variety  of  California 
conditions,  but  the  wood,  being  of  such  inferior  quality  in  Australia, 
will  probably  be  suitable  only  for  fuel. 


32 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


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34  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Growth  in  Mixed  Stands  at  Santa  Monica  Station,  Los  Angeles  County. 

In  1890  a  portion  of  the  Santa  Monica  Forestry  Station  surround- 
ing the  buildings  was  set  aside  for  use  as  an  arboretum  in  which  trees 
could  be  grown  in  mixed  stand  and  with  irregular  spacing.  A  number 
of  species  were  planted  that  year  and  the  collection  was  added  to  as 
seedlings  became  available.  The  result  is  a  mixed  stand  containing 
the  largest  number  of  Eucalyptus  species  in  the  state ;  a  stand  in  which 
except  for  competition  with  each  other,  the  individual  species  have 
had  the  opportunity  for  unrestricted  development.  The  spacing  was 
wide  enough  so  that  competition  has  not  been  unduly  severe  in  most 
cases  and  the  area  received  thorough  cultivation  annually  for  a  much 
longer  period  than  is  usual  in  plantations.  The  soil  is  a  sedimentary 
gravelly  loam  of  open  texture  and  only  moderate  fertility  on  which 
the  raising  of  farm  crops  is  impossible  without  irrigation.  The 
Eucalyptus  trees  have  not  been  irrigated. 

A  summary  of  the  measurements  of  trees  of  different  ages  in  this 
mixed  stand  is  given  in  Table  7  in  which  the  different  species  are 
arranged  alphabetically.  Some  of  the  trees  have  made  really  remark- 
able growth  when  it  is  considered  that  the  mesa  on  which  they  stand 
is  about  as  poor  and  dry  a  site  as  any  that  could  be  found  adjacent  to 
the  coast  in  southern  California.  The  factor  most  favorable  to  the 
trees  is  the  high  humidity  of  the  ocean  winds  during  the  otherwise 
dry  summer  months. 

When  measured,  the  oldest  trees  in  this  plantation  were  27  years 
old.  The  leading  species  in  diameter  growth  at  this  age  were  the 
following : 

Inches  d.b.h 

Blue  Gum  (E.  globulus) 29.4 

Bed  Ironbark  (E.  sideroxylon  rosea) 19.5 

Blackbutt  (E.  piperita)  19.1 

Gray  Gum  (E.  tereticornis)  .... 17.9 

Karri  (E.  diver sicolor) 17.9 

Manna  Gum  (E.  viminalis) 16.8 

Yate  (E.  cornuta)  , 16.5 

Tuart  (E.  gomphocephala)   ...-. i 14.7 

Red  Gum  (E.  rostrata) 14.6 


TABLE  7 

Growth  of  Specimen  Eucalypts,  Santa  Monica  Forestry  Station, 

Los  Angeles  County 


Plot 


A 

M 

M 

G 

M 

A 

M 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

M 

A 

M 

A 

G 

M 

M 

A 

G 

A 

G 

A 

A 

A 

G 

M 

A 

G 

G 

G 

A 

A 

A 

G 

A 

G 

A 

G 

M 

A 

G 

M 

A 

G 

A 

G 

A 

H 

M 

G 

A 

G 

A 

G 

A 

M 

G 

A 

G 

A 

C 

A 

M 

C 

A 

M 

A 

M 

A 

M 

A 

C 

M 


Species 


E.  amygdalina 

E.  amygdalina  numerosa 

E.  bicolor 

E.  bosistoana 

E.  botryoides 

E.  calophylla 

E.  calophylla 

E.  citriodora 

E.  citriodora 

E.  coriacea 

E.  cornuta 

E.  cornuta  lehmannii 

E.  cornuta  lehmannii 

E.  corymbosa 

E.  corymbosa 

E.  corynocalyx 

E.  corynocalyx 

E.  cosmophylla 

E.  decipiens 

E.  diversicolor 

E.  diversicolor 

E.  eugenioides 

E.  eugenioides 

E.  ficifolia 

E.  globulus 

E.  gomphocephala 

E.  goniocalyx 

E.  goniocalyx 

E.  ovata  

E.  ovata 

E.  haemastoma 

E.  hemiphloia 

E.  leptophleba? 

E.  leucoxylon 

E.  linearis 

E.  longifolia 

E.  macrorrhyncha 

E.  McArthurii 

E.  marginata 

E.  megacarpa 

E.  melanophloia 

E.  melliodora 

E.  melliodora 

E.  microcorys 

E.  obcordata? 

E.  obliqua 

E.  occidentalis 

E.  occidentalis 

E.  paniculata 

E.  paniculata 

E.  paniculata 

E.  pilularis 

E.  piperita 

E.  piperita 

E.  platypus 

E.  platypus 

E.  polyanthemos 

E.  polyanthemos 

E.  pulverulenta 

E.  punctata 

E.  punctata  grandiflora.., 

E.  resinifera 

E.  resinifera 

E.  rostrata 

E.  rostrata 

E.  saligna 

E.  sideroxylon  rosea 

E.  sideroxylon  rosea 

E.  siderophloia 

E.  stuartiana 

E.  tereticornis 

E.  tereticornis 

E.  viminalis 

E.  viminalis 

E.  viminalis 


Num- 

Date 

ber  of 

of 

Age 

trees 

d.b.h. 

Height 

plant- 

years 

meas- 

ing 

ured 

1890 

27 

1 

8.2 

42 

1897 

20 

1 

7.2 

28 

1897 

20 

6 

5.8 

35 

1911 

16 

2 

8.6 

34 

1897 

20 

10 

7.9 

38 

1890 

27 

2 

13.9 

48 

1897 

20 

6 

9.1 

36 

1890 

27 

5 

10.1 

50 

sprouts 

13 

8 

4.0 

26 

1890 

27 

1 

5.0 

35 

1890 

27 

7 

16.5 

46 

1890 

27 

2 

7.8 

40 

1897 

20 

2 

2.5 

20 

1890 

27 

3 

11.5 

62 

1897 

20 

6 

4.5 

24 

1890 

27 

3 

13.7 

76 

1911 

16 

2 

6.6 

39 

1897 

20 

2 

5.7 

29 

1897 

20 

6 

5.3 

24 

1890 

27 

2 

17.9 

97 

1911 

16 

3 

7.1 

34 

1890 

27 

1 

10.0 

59 

1911 

16 

4 

4.6 

24 

1890 

27 

3 

12.4 

22 

1890 

27 

1 

29.4 

69 

1890 

27 

5 

14.7 

69 

1911 

16 

1 

6.7 

21 

1897 

20 

5 

7.4 

28 

1890 

27 

3 

13.6 

58 

1911 

16 

1 

5.8 

42 

1911 

16 

1 

5.3 

28 

1911 

16 

4 

5.4 

32 

1890 

27 

2 

3.8 

23 

1890? 

25  + 

7 

13.5 

49 

1890 
1911 
1890 
1911 

27- 
16 
27 
16 

1 
2 
1 
1 

3.3 

7.4 

12.1 

5.6 

15 
38 
40 
42 

1890 
1911 
1897 
1890 
1911 
1897 
1890 
1911 
1890 
1911 
1890 
? 

1897 
1911 
1890 
1911 
1890 
1911 
1890 
1897 
1911 
1897 
1911 

27 

16 

20 

27 

16 

20 

27 

16 

27 

16 

27 

20  ± 

20 

16 

27 

16 

27 

16 

27 

20 

16 

27 

16 

1 
1 

2 
4 
1 
4 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 

16 
4 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
6 

12 
1 
1 
2 

5.3 
2.3 
5.9 

13.9 
9.1 
7.4 
7.3 
7.3 
8.8 
4.1 
9.0 
6.8 
7.0 
3.6 

19.1 
6.8 
1.4 
2.2 

12.8 
6.5 
7.4 

15.4 
5.3 

13 

20 
38 
56 
40 
26 
38 
30 
21 
16 
49 
40 
34 
24 
54 
24 
10 
14 
45 
34 
21 
51 
26 

1890 
1897  ± 
1890 
1897 
1897? 
1890 
1897 
1890 
1897 
1890 
1897 
1890 
1897? 
1897 

27 

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27 

20 

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27 

20 

27 

20 

27 

20 

27 

20  ± 

20 

1 

25 

5 

10 

3 

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2 

1 

2 

2 

10 

1 

8.3 

7.0 
14.6 

6.2 

9.2 
19.5 

6.5 
11.5 

5.1 
17.9 
10.1 
16.8 
12.7 

3.9 

37 
45 
68 
35 
57 
45 
43 
67 
26 
96 
43 
54 
60 
44 

Form 


Crooked 

Fair 

Fair 

Good 

Branching 

Branching 

Branching 

Straight 

Straight 

Crooked 

Branching 

Branching 

Scrubby 

Straight 

Scrubby 

Straight 

Straight 

Scrubby 

Scrubby 

Straight 

Straight 

Straight 

Good 

Branching 

Spreading  top 

Fork  tops 

Crooked 

Leaning,  crooked 

Crooked 

Forked  top 

Leaning 

Forked 

Scrubby 

Branching 

Small 

Straight 

Crooked 

Crooked 

Crooked 

Forked  top 

Forked  top 

Crooked 

Forked 

Crooked 

Crooked 

Straight 

Crooked 

Crooked 

Fair 

Crooked 

Crooked 

Broken  tops 

Straight 

Forked  top 

Scrubby 

Scrubby 

Branching 

Branching 

Crooked 

Spreading  top 

Forked 

Straight 

Straight 

Crooked 

Crooked 

Straight 

Crooked 

Crooked 

Straight 

Crooked 

Straight 

Straight 

Straight 

Straight 

Fair 


Remarks 


Fair. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Fair. 

Fair. 

Dying. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Poor. 

Fair. 

Thrifty. 

Good. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Scrubby. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Thrifty. 

Poor. 

Thrifty. 

Scrubby. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Scrubby. 

Fair. 

Fair. 

Fair. 

Thrifty. 

Poor. 

Poor. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Fair. 

Good. 

Thrifty. 

Good. 

Good. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Good. 

Good. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 

Excellent. 

Good. 

Thrifty. 

Thrifty. 

Fair. 


36  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

In  height  growth  there  is  a  somewhat  different  grouping  of  leading 
species  as  follows : 

Feet 

Karri  (E.  diversicolor)  97 

Gray  Gum  (E.  tereticornis) 96 

Sugar  Gum  (E.  cor  y  no  calyx) 76 

Blue  Gum  (E.  globulus) 69 

Tuart  (E.  gomphocephala)  69 

Bed  Gum   (E.  rostrata)   68 

Broad-leaved  Ironbark  (E.  siderophloia)  67 

Manna  Gum  (E.  viminalis) 54 

Yate  (E.  cornuta) 46 

Several  of  the  less  important  species  averaged  between  50  and  60 
feet  in  height,  but  were  far  down  the  list  in  diameter  growth.  Three 
species  not  previously  discussed  show  up  well  in  the  above  list,  these 
being  Yate,  Tuart  and  Broad-leaved  Ironbark.  The  last  is  a  tropical 
species  of  medium  size  which  grows  only  in  northern  New  South  Wales 
and  Queensland  and  does  not  appear  to  be  of  much  commercial  import- 
ance there.  At  Santa  Monica  it  is  vigorous  and  grows  much  straighter 
than  many  species.  Yate  (E.  cornuta)  and  Tuart  (E.  gomphocephala) 
are  the  two  hardest  and  strongest  Australian  woods  and  are  highly 
valued  for  purposes  requiring  such  properties.  They  are  confined  to 
narrow  areas  near  Perth  in  Western  Australia  where,  on  account  of 
their  value  and  comparative  scarcity,  the  state  government  has 
restricted  their  exportation.  At  Santa  Monica  the  Tuart  is  straight 
and  tall,  but  has  a  much  branched  and  somewhat  flattened  crown  while 
the  Yate  has  a  crooked  habit  of  growth  and  makes  relatively  slow 
growth  in  height.  The  fruits  of  E.  cornuta  and  of  its  variety  (leh- 
mannii)  occur  in  dense  clustered  heads  and  give  the  trees  an  unique 
and  interesting  decorative  appearance.  A  Yate  tree  on  the  campus 
at  Berkeley  is  thriving  but  has  a  short  and  crooked  trunk. 

Table  8  summarizes  the  growth  of  twenty-two  species  planted  at 
Santa  Monica  in  1901  in  rows,  using  a  7  by  7  foot  spacing  throughout. 
It  will  be  noted  that  Blue  Gum  and  Sugar  Gum  are  the  outstanding 
trees  in  this  tabulation  though  several  others  have  made  very  satisfac- 
tory growth  and  were  thriving  when  examined. 

Arboretum  Plantation  at  Del  Rosa,  San  Bernardino  County. 

In  1911  the  II.  S.  Forest  Service  started  an  arboretum  of  Euca- 
lyptus species  by  setting  out  about  thirty  varieties  in  a  plot  adjacent 
to  the  nursery  at  the  Del  Rosa  Ranger  Station.  The  spacing  through- 
out was  12  by  12  feet  and  nine  trees  of  each  species  were  planted. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS      37 

Experimental  work  with  Eucalyptus  was  discontinued  by  the  Forest 
Service  shortly  after  this  and  the  arboretum  was  never  enlarged.  It 
is  situated  in  the  dry  foothills  of  the  Angeles  National  Forest  on 
coarse,  granitic  soil  which  is  very  pervious  to  moisture.  The  mean 
annual  rainfall  is  about  15  inches,  very  high  temperatures  are  the  rule 
in  summer  and  the  site  may  be  considered  typical  of  the  arid  foothill 
areas  surrounding  the  irrigated  citrus  orchards  of  San  Bernardino 

TABLE   8 

Mixed  Eucalyptus  Plantation,  Santa  Monica  Forestry  Station, 
Los  Angeles  County,  Age  16  Years 


Number 


C5 

C8 
C9 
C  10 


c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 


C  2 


11 
12 
13 
15 
16 
1 
and  4 
C3 
Co 
C  6  and  11 
C8 
C9 
C  10 
C  12 
C  13 
C  14 
C  15 
C  16 


Species 

E.  sideroxylon 

E.  globulus 

E.  pulverulenta 

E.  viminalis 

E.  pellita  

E.  rubida 

E.  corynocalyx 

E.  McArthurii 

E.  stricta 

E.  viminalis? 

E.  rostrata 

E.  botryoides 

E.  maculata 

E.  sideroxylon  rosea 

E.  gunnii 

E.  stellulata 

E.  melliodora? 

E.  raveretiana 

E.  occidentalis 

E.  eximia 

E.  robusta 

E.  sieberiana 


Number 
planted 


10 
10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

8 

8 

8 


Per  cent 
survival 


70 
40 
40 
40 
60 
10 

100 
60 
40 
37 
75 
37 

100 
87 
75 
83 
83 
62 
62 
44 
75 
25 


Average 
d.  b.  h. 


7.5 
11.9 

5.9 
8.5 
5.9 
6.1 
10.1 
9.7 
2.4 
7.8 
6.2 
3.3 
5.8 
8.5 
3.5 
7.3 
6.4 
2.8 
4.0 
5.6 
8.9 
6.1 


Average 
height 


41 

66 

32 

49 

44 

40 

61 

40 

14 

45 

35 

25 

34 

43 

28 

54. 

39 

23 

29 

27 

41 

35 


Remarks 


Crooked,  fair. 

Thrifty. 

All  crooked. 

Thrifty. 

Poor,  tops  dying. 

Fair. 

Good. 

Fair. 

Scrubby. 

Good. 

Crooked,  fair. 

Scrubby. 

Thrifty. 

Fair-good. 

Suppressed  by  others. 

Good. 

Forked,  crooked. 

Scrubby. 

Scrubby. 

Scrubby. 

Good. 

Fair. 


The  spacing  in  this  plantation  was  7  by  7  feet  throughout.  Each  species 
was  planted  in  a  row  by  itself.  The  slower  growing  or  naturally  small  species 
such  as  E.  gunnii,  E.  eximia  and  E.  sieberiana  were  badly  suppressed  by  larger 
and  more  rapid  growing  species. 


and  adjacent  counties.  The  effects  of  drought  were  noticeable  in  the 
appearance  of  most  of  the  trees  and  many  of  them  showed  that  they 
had  been  more  or  less  severely  injured  by  frost.  All  of  these  trees,  as 
well  as  the  adjacent  plantations,  were  destroyed  by  a  forest  fire  in  the 
fall  of  1922.  A  summary  of  measurements  made  in  1920  is  given 
in  Table  9. 

A  large  number  of  Eucalyptus  species  were  planted  at  different 
times  at  the  Chico  Forestry  Station  in  Butte  County,  but  in  many 
cases  frost  damage  has  been  so  severe  and  so  frequent  that  only  the 


38 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


hardier  varieties  have  reached  any  considerable  size.  The  results 
of  measurements  of  the  best  trees  are  given  in  Table  10.  Only  Blue 
Gum,  Manna  Gum  and  Messmate  Stringybark  are  fully  at  home  here. 
Other  species  which  persist  in  scrubby  form  include  E.  corynocalyx, 


TABLE  9 

Mixed  Eucalyptus  Plantation  at  Del  Eosa  Station,  San  Bernardino  County, 

Age  9  Years 

(Examined  March,  1920) 


Plot 
Number 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 


Species 


E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 


tereticornis  (Cooper) , 

tereticornis 

rostrata 

crebra 

globulus 

polyanthemos 

coriacea 

tributta? 

amygdalina 

corynocalyx 

resinifera 


regnans 

saligna? 

diversicolor 

longifolia 

ovata  

bicolor 

punctata 

stuartiana 

leucoxylon 

goniocalyx 

calophylla 

viminalis 

corymbosa 

sideroxylon 

macrorrhyncha 

sieberiana 

robusta 

cornuta? 

rudis 


Per  cent 
survival 

Average 
d.  b.  h. 

Average 
height 

100 

4.7 

34 

100 

4.6 

31 

89 

5.2 

36 

33 

2.8 

33 

44 

5.6 

37 

78 

3.4 

25 

11 

5.3 

33 

33 

5.0 

30 

11 

3.0 

20 

100 

5.3 

41 

55 

3.3 

24 

55 

2.6 

21 

78 

4.3 

24 

100 

4.3 

31 

100 

3.2 

25 

89 

3.8 

28 

78 

2.9 

21 

78 

3.7 

27 

0 

0 

0 

22 

3.8 

28 

100 

4.0 

24 

55 

2.6 

15 

78 

4.9 

35 

22 

1.9 

16 

55 

5.6 

37 

33 

4.7 

34 

0 

0 

0 

55 

3.2 

22 

33 

3.0 

23 

22 

2.0 

21 

Condition 


Good. 

33%  Doubles. 

Crooked  and  forked. 

Poor  form. 

Good. 

Good. 

Forked. 

Crooked,  leaning. 

Scrubby. 

Thrifty. 

Crooked,  scrubby. 

Poor. 

Crooked,  frosted. 

Fair. 

Fair. 

Crooked,  leaning. 

Crooked,  scrubby. 

Fair. 

Crooked, forked. 

Forked,  crooked. 

Scrubby. 

Crooked,  leaning. 

Scrubby. 

Fair. 

Crooked. 

Fair. 
Scrubby. 
Forked  scrubs. 


Trees  were  planted  March,  1911.  Spacing  12  by  12  feet.  Nine  trees  of 
each  species  were  planted.  Examination  made  March,  1920.  Many  showed 
evidence  of  frost  and  drought  damage.  In  numbers  8,  13,  and  29  there  is 
some  doubt  as  to  the  species.  The  trees  are  not  well  enough  developed  to  make 
exact  identification  possible. 

E.  botryoides,  E.  diversicolor,  E.  leucoxylon  and  E.  punctata.  Several 
other  species  though  still  alive  have  been  so  badly  damaged  that  exact 
identification  is  impossible.  The  splendid  growth  of  Manna  Gum  is  the 
outstanding  feature  of  all  Eucalyptus  trees  planted  at  this  station.  It 
is  possible  that  the  tree  here  given  as  E.  amygdalina  may  prove  to  be 
a  specimen  of  E.  regnans  as  the  two  species  are  very  much  alike. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     39 


Utilization 

Fuel. — The  principal  use  to  which  the  wood  of  Eucalypts  grown 
in  California  has  been  put  is  fuel.  Eucalyptus  wood  burns  brightly 
and  imparts  a  delightful  fragrance  to  the  house  when  burned  in  an 
open  fireplace.     Different  species  vary  somewhat  in  fuel  value,  but 

TABLE  10 
Growth  of  Specimen  Eucalypts,  Chico  Forestry  Station,  Butte  County 


Plot 

Age 

Number 

Number 

Species 

years 

trees 

d.  b.  h. 

Height 

Form 

46 

Eucalyptus  globulus 

30  ± 

3 

17.3 

100 

Good. 

47 

Eucalyptus  obliqua 

30  ± 

3 

13.5 

63 

Good. 

48 

Eucalyptus  viminalis 

30  ± 

19 

29.9 

100 

Excellent. 

36 

Eucalyptus  amygdalina. 

25  ± 

1 

19.4 

36 

Crooked;  severely  frosted  1913. 

44 

Eucalyptus  linearis 

25  ± 

2 

13.1 

60 

Crooked;  severely  frosted  1913. 

Fig.  22. — A  gasoline  engine  saw  outfit  cutting  12-inch  cordwood  from  a 
Blue  Gum  grove  15  years  old,  near  Sanger,  Fresno  County.  The  crew  of  three 
men  can  cut  7%  cords  a  day  at  a  cost  of  about  $8.00  a  cord  for  felling,  sawing 
and  stacking.    The  wood  sells  for  $14.00  to  $16.00  a  cord  at  the  grove. 

all  of  those  grown  extensively  in  California  are  practically  equal  to 
live  oak  and  much  better  than  most  other  native  fuel  woods.  Euca- 
lyptus wood  should  be  split  into  the  desired  sizes  while  green  as  it 
becomes  so  tough,  when  fully  seasoned,  that  splitting  is  very  difficult 
and  expensive.  Trees  for  fuel  should  not  be  too  large  and  the  best 
age  for  this  purpose  is  about  ten  or  twelve  years.  Very  large  trees 
are  so  expensive  to  saw  and  split  that  contractors  do  not  wish  to 


40 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION 


handle  them.  In  the  case  of  smaller  trees,  sawing  can  be  easily  done 
with  a  small  portable  saw  and  over  half  of  the  stems  can  be  used 
"in  the  round,"  i.e.,  without  splitting. 

In  the  aggregate,  a  great  deal  of  Eucalyptus  wood  is  being  used 
for  fuel,  the  stump  age  value  of  plantations  being  cut  for  this  purpose 
varying  with  locality  and  market  conditions  from  $1.50  to  $4.00  a  cord. 
Grove  owners  can  have  wood  cut  and  stacked  on  contract  for  $8.00  to 
$12.00  per  cord  (12  to  16  inch  stove-wood)  and  the  price  obtained  per 
cord  for  wood  of  this  kind  stacked  in  the  grove  varied  from  $10.00  to 


Fig.  23. — These  pieces  of  Blue  Gum  are  1%  inches  square  by  6  feet  long,  cut 
from  a  grove  at  Stony  Point,  Sonoma  County.  Blue  Gum  is  suitable  for  the  manu- 
facture of  insulator  pins  and  other  small  turned  articles.  After  being  seasoned 
for  six  to  eight  weeks  in  open  piles  these  blanks  are  turned  into  insulator  pins, 
the  product  averaging  about  2500  pins  a  cord.  A  stumpage  price  of  $4.50  a 
cord  has  been  paid  for  25-year-old  groves  used  for  this  purpose. 

$16.00  in  1923.  Eucalyptus  wood  delivered  to  users  in  California 
towns  and  cities  costs  from  $18.00  to  $24.00  a  cord,  the  advance  over 
the  grove  price  resulting  from  transportation  and  yard  storage  costs. 
In  many  parts  of  the  state  Eucalyptus  wood  is  sold  in  competition 
with  native  fuel  woods  and  the  stumpage  value  must  be  decreased 
accordingly  if  the  wood  is  to  be  handled  at  all.  For  this  reason  a 
good  deal  of  Eucalyptus  stumpage  has  been  sold  at  about  $1.00  a 
cord  and  many  contractors  say  that  it  cannot  be  handled  at  a  profit 
if  it  costs  more  than  this.  Some  groves  are  situated  in  places  so 
remote  from  transportation  or  a  market  that  the  standing  trees  have 
practically  no  value  for  fuel  purposes. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     41 

Charcoal. — Eucalyptus  wood  produces  an  excellent  grade  of  char- 
coal, probably  better  than  that  from  most  native  California  woods. 
When  produced  in  open  earth  kilns,  about  1000  pounds  of  charcoal 
per  cord  of  wood  is  secured  and  the  burning  of  a  kiln  takes  about  three 
weeks  (fig.  24).  During  this  time  it  must  be  under  almost  constant 
observation  so  that  the  fire  will  not  break  through  the  kiln  and  destroy 
the  wood  entirely.  Although  there  is  a  good  market  for  charcoal,  this 
process  of  manufacture  has  been  so  expensive  that  makers  of  charcoal 
have  been  unable  to  pay  a  much  greater  stumpage  price  for  Eucalyptus 
wood  than  it  commands  for  fuel  purposes.    It  seems  probable  that  an 


Fig.  24. — A  pile  of  charcoal  from  25  cords  of  JEucalyptus  wood  burned  in  an 
earth  kiln  for  21  days.  When  handled  in  this  way  it  produces  about  1000 
pounds  of  charcoal  a  cord. 

increasing  demand  for  charcoal  may  make  the  erection  of  retorts  for 
charcoal  production  feasible.  These  operate  with  much  greater  effi- 
ciency and  should  make  it  possible  for  producers  to  pay  a  somewhat 
higher  stumpage  price  for  the  trees. 

Insulator  Pins  made  from  California  grown  Blue  Gum  have  been 
used  for  several  years  by  power  companies  and  have  proved  to  be  very 
satisfactory.  One  firm  is  manufacturing  about  125,000  pins  a  year 
from  a  25-year-old  Blue  Gum  grove  in  Sonoma  County  (fig.  23).  The 
stumpage  value  of  trees  for  this  purpose  is  about  the  same  as  for  fuel 
wood.  The  trees  are  sawn  into  billets,  1%  inches  square  by  6  feet 
in  length  and  stacked  in  open  piles  in  a  shady  place  out  of  doors  for 
about  six  weeks  to  season.    They  are  then  taken  to  the  turning  machines 


42  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

and  made  into  the  finished  product.  The  small  squares  used  in  this 
operation  do  not  seem  to  check  or  warp  unduly,  as  is  usually  the  case 
when  pieces  of  larger  size  are  sawn,  and  the  losses  due  to  such  defects 
are  not  unduly  large.  The  pins  are  strong  and  sufficiently  durable  to 
compare  very  favorably  with  high  grade  locust  pins. 

Lumber. — Very  little  lumber  has  been  made  from  California  Euca- 
lyptus trees  except  in  an  experimental  way.  Most  of  the  experiments 
have  been  disappointing  because  of  excessive  checking  and  warping 
of  the  boards  during  seasoning.  This  checking  and  warping  is  the 
most  serious  obstacle  in  the  utilization  of  California  grown  Euca- 
lyptus of  all  species.  In  spite  of  the  hardness  of  the  wood  and  its 
interlocking  fibres,  logs  cut  from  trees  10  to  15  years  old  will  often 
split  open  from  end  to  end  after  lying  on  the  ground  only  a  few  weeks. 
Lumber  frequently  has  become  so  deformed  during  seasoning  that  its 
original  dimensions  could  scarcely  be  determined  and  the  losses  in 
volume  have  usually  amounted  to  about  50  per  cent  of  the  original 
volume.  Very  probably  this  is  due  in  large  part  to  the  extreme  youth 
of  the  trees  which  in  spite  of  their  size,  are  almost  entirely  made  up  of 
sapwood.  In  Australia,  Eucalyptus  lumber  is  sawn  from  virgin  forest 
trees  which  are  of  unknown  age,  probably  several  hundred  years  old. 
It  may  be  that  as  California  trees  increase  in  age,  the  wood  will  be 
less  difficult  to  handle  and  may  produce  satisfactory  lumber. 

.  Mr.  J.  T.  Gillespie  of  San  Jose  was  for  several  years  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  lumber  from  large  Blue  Gum  trees  cut  in  that 
vicinity.  The  trees  were  mostly  large,  open-grown  specimens  over  35 
years  of  age,  and  although  there  was  considerable  loss  in  volume  due 
to  warping  and  checking,  it  was  not  nearly  so  great  as  has  been  the 
rule  with  younger  trees.  These  so-called  "San  Jose  Blue  Gums"  were 
probably  grown  from  seed  collected  by  Bishop  Taylor  in  Victoria*  or 
New  South  Wales  while  much  of  the  other  Blue  Gum  in  the  state  was 
raised  from  Tasmanian  seed,  and  Mr.  H.  D.  Tiemann  of  the  U.  S. 
Forest  Service  found  during  the  course  of  dry  kiln  experiments  carried 
on  at  Berkeley  (1912-14),  that  the  wood  was  of  decidedly  better 
quality  than  that  produced  by  other  California  grown  trees.  Whether 
this  is  due  to  a  varietal  difference  in  the  trees,  to  their  greater  age, 
or  to  the  favorable  site  conditions  under  which  they  grew  at  San  Jose, 
has  not  been  determined.  Mr.  Gillespie  said  that  there  was  consider- 
able variation  in  the  straightness  of  grain  and  quality  of  wood  between 
individual  trees  and  that  checking  and  warping  were  much  worse  in 


*  Mr.  Tiemann  confirmed  the  visit  of  Bishop  Taylor  to  Sydney  and  noted 
that  Victorian  Blue  Gum  trees  have  smaller  capsules  and  more  scaly  bark  than 
the  Tasmanian  trees. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     43 

some.  He  also  claimed  that  the  time  of  year  when  the  trees  were  cut 
had  considerable  influence  on  the  amount  of  checking  in  the  product. 
The  lumber  manufactured  by  him  was  seasoned  in  open  sheds  for  about 
two  years  before  remanufacture  and  proved  to  be  very  satisfactory 
for  plow  beams,  wagon  tongues  and  beds,  hay-rake  frames  and  teeth, 
and  for  other  purposes  where  strength  and  hardness  are  required. 
A  few  pieces  of  furniture  were  made  experimentally  and  were  reason- 
ably satisfactory,  while  some  very  good  veneer  was  also  produced  in  a 
small  way.  During  several  years  the  Gillespie  plant  turned  out  a 
large  number  of  insulator  pins  annually  but  their  manufacture  was 
discontinued  because  of  low  prices  induced  by  competition  of  other 
species  and  manufacturers. 

Miscellaneous  Uses. — The  wood  of  California  grown  Eucalypts  has 
been  used  experimentally  for  toy  parts,  tool  handles,  paving  blocks, 
posts,  piles  and  piling,  but  the  severe  checking  and  inability  to  hold 
its  form,  coupled  with  the  fact  that  the  wood  of  young  trees  is  not 
durable  when  in  contact  with  the  soil,  has  prevented  very  widespread 
use  for  these  purposes.  Species  other  than  Blue  Gum  have  grown  so 
slowly  that  few  trees  have  reached  a  size  large  enough  to  be  cut  for 
anything  except  firewood.  Experiments  with  untreated  Blue  Gum 
piles  in  salt  water  have  shown  that  it  is  but  little  more  resistant  to 
teredo  attack  than  Douglas  Fir  or  other  native  species  commonly  used 
for  piling. 

Blue  Gum  and  Manna  Gum  have  been  used  for  several  years  for 
piling  and  rip-rap  work  along  the  Santa  Ana  River  in  Orange  County, 
but  have  not  proven  very  durable  in  the  moist  soil  along  the  river 
banks.  Blue  Gum  piles  were  used  in  the  construction  of  a  long  cause- 
way on  the  State  Highway  between  Ventura  and  Santa  Barbara  in 
1911.  Most  of  these  were  driven  in  the  sand  along  several  miles  of 
ocean  front  and  in  this  situation  have  given  very  good  service.  Sugar 
Gum,  Gray  Gum  and  Red  Gum  are  all  more  durable  in  the  soil  than 
Blue  Gum,  but  Red  Gum  is  usually  too  crooked  to  make  a  satisfactory 
pile  and  the  other  species  have  not  been  available  in  sufficient  quanti- 
ties to  warrant  the  working  up  of  a  market  for  them.  Sugar  Gum  was 
the  most  durable  of  twelve  species  tested  at  the  Santa  Monica  Forestry 
Station  as  fence  posts.  The  best  posts  were  those  split  from  trees 
12  to  14  inches  in  diameter  in  which  the  heartwood  was  sound  after 
seven  years  in  the  ground  but  the  sap  wood  had  entirely  rotted  away. 
Posts  made  from  small  trees  of  any  of  the  species  are  mostly  sap  wood 
and  therefore  very  unsatisfactory,  as  they  rot  quickly  and  may  usually 
be  easily  pushed  over  after  two  to  three  years. 


44 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


Eucalyptus  Oil. — The  United  States  imports  annually  from  Aus- 
tralia about  150,000  pounds  of  Eucalyptus  oil,  worth  about  $75,000. 
This  imported  oil  is  made  by  distilling  mixed  lots  of  leaves  of  a  number 
of  Australian  species,  most  of  which  are  not  present  in  California.  The 
leaves  of  these  species  contain  much  larger  quantities  of  oil  than  those 
commonly  planted  in  this  country,  and  the  oil  is  richer  in  certain 
essential  constituents.  A  number  of  attempts  have  been  made  to 
produce  a  satisfactory  oil  from  California  grown  trees,  but  apparently 
the  California  oil  cannot  be  refined  to  meet  the  U.  S.  pharmacopoea 


Fig.  25. — An  experimental  steam  distillation  plant  near  Guadalupe  for  dis- 
tilling oil  from  Eucalyptus  leaves.  The  cost  of  making  oil  from  the  foliage  of 
thinned  trees  in  1920  was  60  cents  a  pound.  The  trees  in  the  background  are 
13-year-old  Blue  Gums.  The  sprouts  are  two  years  old,  from  the  stumps  of 
trees  cut  in  thinnings. 


standard  except  at  a  prohibitive  cost.  Tests  at  the  U.  S.  Forest 
Products  Laboratory  showed  that  oil  from  California  Blue  Gum  trees 
could  be  made  to  meet  the  U.  S.  P.  requirements  by  suitable  fractional 
distillation ;  but  this  process  entailed  the  loss  of  from  35  to  45  per  cent 
of  the  crude  oil.*  The  investigators  felt  that  it  might  be  possible  with 
an  efficient  distillation  plant,  to  obtain  an  oil  that  would  meet  the 
U.  S.  P.  requirements  without  redistillation,  by  separating  the  crude 
oil  into  several  fractions  as  it  is  distilled  from  the  leaves.  Up  to  the 
present  time  this  has  not  been  attempted,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  it 


*  Report  by  S.  A.  Mahood  and  D.  E.  Cable,  "An  Investigation  of  the  Oil  of 
Eucalyptus  globulus." 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     45 

would  be  profitable,  as  the  higher  grade  Australian  oil  can  be  laid 
down  in  this  country  at  practically  the  same  price  as  it  costs  to  make 
the  California  crude  oil. 

The  cost  of  producing  crude  oil  at  Guadalupe,  San  Luis  Obispo 
County,  from  trees  cut  in  thinning  the  Brintnall  Ranch  groves  during 
1921,  was  60  to  65  cents  a  pound  (fig.  25).  The  prices  quoted  on 
Australian  oil  at  that  time  averaged  about  10  cents  a  pound  cheaper. 
Those  in  charge  of  the  work  felt  sure  that,  in  connection  with  clear 
cutting  operations,  the  cost  could  be  cut  to  approximately  that  of  the 
Australian  product.  Even  so  the  California  oil  would  be  at  a  dis- 
advantage unless  it  can  be  made  to  meet  the  U.  S.  P.  specifications.  Up 
to  the  present  time  it  has  been  used  in  only  limited  amounts  in  the 
manufacture  of  unofficial  medical  preparations,  boiler  compound,  soap, 
and  as  a  flotation  oil.  Further  investigations  are  necessary  to  deter- 
mine just  what  equipment  and  methods  are  required  for  the  production 
of  a  high  grade  California  oil  at  a  minimum  cost. 

Notes  on  Other  Species 

Mr.  H.  D.  Tiemann  who  carried  on  the  seasoning  experiments,  men- 
tioned above,  has  recently  returned  from  Australia  where  he  carried 
on  seasoning  experiments  on  the  wood  of  mature  trees,  and  was  able  to 
observe  carefully  the  growth  of  a  large  number  of  Eucalyptus  species 
under  their  natural  condition,  as  well  as  methods  of  utilization  in  that 
country.  He  remarks  in  a  recent  letter,  "The  trouble  with  the  Cali- 
fornia Eucalyptus  is  that  almost  invariably  the  wrong  species  have 
been  planted, ' '  and  later  suggests  that  the  following  species  are  worthy 
of  trial  because  of  the  value  of  their  wood  and  their  probable  suitability 
to  California  conditions. 

Woollybutt  (E.  delegatensis) .    Very  hardy  and  stands  freezing 

winters. 
Jarrah  (E '.  marginata)  .*    Not  frost  hardy. 
Spotted  Gum  (E.  maculata)  .*    Not  frost  hardy. 
Ironbark  (E.  paniculata)  .* 
White  Stringybark  (E.  eugenioides)* 
Flooded  Gum  or  Sydney  Blue  Gum   (E.  saligna).     Not  frost 

hardy. 
Victorian  Mountain  Ash  (E.  regnans). 
Victorian  Grey  Box  (E.  hemiphloia)  * 

Those  marked  (*)  in  the  above  list  have  wood  which  is  very  hard 
and  durable.  The  others  produce  lumber  of  good  quality  in  Australia 
although  it  is  not  so  hard  nor  so  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil. 


46  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 

Woollybutt  and  Mountain  Ash  produce  lumber  which  is  excellent  for 
general  building,  flooring,  furniture  and  similar  uses.  The  first  of 
these  is  the  most  hardy  of  any  Eucalyptus  species  in  Australia. 

Reference  to  the  preceding  tables  will  show  that  several  of  the 
suggested  species  have  been  planted  in  California  on  a  small  scale,  but 
that  their  growth  has  been  much  slower  than  that  of  Blue  Gum.  The 
following  observations  may  be  made  with  regard  to  these  species : 

Jarrah  (E.  marginata) . — There  are  probably  not  over  two  or  three 
trees  of  this  species  growing  in  California.  The  one  at  Santa  Monica 
is  a  scrub  about  fifteen  feet  high  after  25  years  of  growth. 

Woollybutt  (E.  delegatensis). — This  species  is  not  present  in  the 
collections  at  Santa  Monica  or  Del  Rosa,  and  is  probably  not  growing 
any  where  in  the  state. 

Spotted  Gum  (E.  maculata). — This  species  and  its  variety,  the 
Lemon-scented  Gum  (E.  maculata  citriodora)  are  beautiful  ornamental 
trees  and  are  growing  as  lawn  specimens  in  several  sections  of  the 
state  (fig.  20).  Spotted  Gum  has  grown  vigorously  at  Santa  Monica, 
averaging  5.8  inches  d.b.h.  and  34  feet  in  height  in  16  years,  and  its 
beautifully  mottled  bark  makes  it  conspicuous  among  all  of  the  asso- 
ciated trees.  A  beautiful  group  of  Lemon-scented  Gum  is  growing  on 
the  Ward  estate  in  Santa  Barbara,  and  a  few  of  these  trees  have  per- 
sisted in  the  foothill  plantations  on  the  Bixby  Ranch  in  Orange  County, 
but  in  the  latter  situation  they  have  made  very  slow  growth.  A  few 
trees  of  the  species  and  of  the  variety  are  present  in  the  San  Francisco 
Bay  region  but  neither  is  very  frost  hardy,  although  a  Spotted  Gum 
seedling  survived  the  unusually  cold  weather  during  the  winters  of 
1921  and  1922  in  a  sheltered  spot  in  Berkeley,  without  injury. 

Ironbark  (E.  panicidata) . — Twenty-two  trees  of  this  species  on  the 
upper  mesa  at  the  Santa  Monica  station  have  made  fair  growth  in 
diameter  but  have  lagged  in  height  growth.  In  the  mixed  planting, 
two  trees  27  years  old  average  9  inches  d.b.h.  and  49  feet  in  height. 
Several  trees  on  the  driest  site  have  died  during  periods  of  extreme 
drought.    Elsewhere  in  the  state  this  species  is  rare. 

Flooded  Gum  (E.  saligna)  is  a  tree  of  upright  habit  and  good  form 
in  California.  Its  growth  at  Livermore,  Alameda  County,  and  at 
Santa  Monica,  are  shown  in  the  tables.  It  will  undoubtedly  do  well  in 
frost  free  situations  where  adequate  soil  moisture  is  available. 

White  Stringybark  (E.  eugenioides). — The  few  trees  of  this  species 
at  Santa  Monica  are  tall,  straight  and  cylindrical;  they  have  grown 
with  moderate  rapidity  and  seem  well  suited  to  the  conditions.  A 
single  seedling  in  the  experimental  plot  on  the  University  campus  at 
Berkeley  has  shown  marked  rapidity  of  growth,  and  has  not  been 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     47 

injured  by  frost  during  three  winters.  The  species  has  narrow,  slender 
leaves;  yellow-brown,  fibrous  bark  and  a  dark  reddish  tinge  to  its 
graceful  foliage  which  makes  it  unusually  ornamental. 

Victorian  Mountain  Ash  (E.  regnans). — This  species  is  probably 
not  present  in  California  unless  the  trees  which  have  been  planted 
under  the  name  of  E.  amygdalina  may  be  of  this  species.  There  has 
been  a  good  deal  of  confusion  in  nomenclature  of  these  trees  even  in 
Australia  and  it  has  not  been  possible  to  determine  whether  the  Cali- 
fornia trees  are  really  E.  regnans,  or  the  tree  now  known  as  E.  amyg- 
dalina in  Australia  which  goes  under  the  common  name  of  Peppermint. 
The  trees  observed  in  California  at  Santa  Monica,  Chico,  and  in  San 
Benito  County  had  all  been  more  or  less  severely  injured  by  frost  and 
were  of  scrubby  form  in  consequence.  As  the  true  E.  regnans  is  quite 
frost  hardy  in  Australia,  the  California  trees  are  probably  the  other 
species,  which  is  smaller  and  less  satisfactory. 

Victorian  Grey  Box  (E.  hemiphloia). — Very  few  trees  of  this 
species  have  been  tried  in  California.  Four  trees  are  growing  at  Santa 
Monica  which,  though  apparently  thrifty,  are  crooked  and  have  made 
indifferent  growth  in  height. 

All  of  the  above  species  deserve  further  trial  in  California  because 
of  the  high  quality  of  their  wood,  but  it  seems  certain  that  they  will 
all  grow  more  slowly  than  the  species  which  have  thus  far  been  com- 
monly planted.  With  the  possible  exception  of  E.  delegatensis  and 
E.  regnans  these  species  will  not  succeed  except  in  comparatively  frost 
free  situations. 

Mr.  Tiemann  in  a  recent  letter  makes  the  following  comments  on 
the  species  most  commonly  planted  in  California  and  urges  further 
trial  of  the  above  mentioned  more  valuable  trees. 

Bine  Gum  (E.  globulus). — "It  makes  excellent  firewood  and  small 
articles  such  as  insulator  pins,  but  is  not  suitable  for  lumber  at  an 
age  less  than  75  to  100  years.  It  does  not  yield  as  good  timber  as  many 
other  species. ' ' 

Red  Gum  (E.  rostrata). — "A  durable  wood,  but  a  tree  of  poor 
form." 

Gray  Gum  (E.  tereticornis) . — "Probably  a  better  tree  than  ros- 
trata on  account  of  its  better  shape. ' ' 

Manna  Gum  (E.  viminalis). — "In  Victoria  it  is  a  good  sized  tree 
but  the  lumber  is  certainly  inferior.    I  would  not  consider  it  at  all." 

Messmate  Stringybark  (E.  obliqua). — "It  grows  with  regnans  and 
in  stunted  form  almost  to  the  tree  limit,  where  it  endures  severe  cold 
and  prolonged  winters.  The  wood  is  certainly  inferior  as  it  is  full  of 
gum  pockets." 


48  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


SUMMARY 

Blue  Gum  makes  the  most  rapid  growth  of  any  species  of  Euca- 
lyptus thus  far  planted  in  California.  It  is  best  suited  to  the  condi- 
tions obtaining  near  the  coast  but  succeeds  fairly  well  in  the  interior 
valleys  and  in  southern  California  if  adequate  soil  moisture  is  present. 
On  the  basis  of  67  groves  measured,  the  mean  annual  growth  is  271 
solid  cubic  feet  per  acre,  which  equals  3.02  standard  cords.  The 
highest  volume  growth  recorded  was  in  the  case  of  an  8-year-old  grove 
growing  on  very  fertile  silt  swampy  land  in  Alameda  County.  The 
spacing  here  was  5  by  5  feet,  the  trees  averaging  when  measured  5.8 
inches  d.b.h.  and  60  feet  high,  the  mean  annual  growth  had  been 
736  cubic  feet  or  8.17  standard  cords  per  acre.  The  best  grove  has 
averaged  between  450  and  550  cubic  feet  per  acre  per  annum,  while 
several  growing  on  poor,  sandy,  exposed  or  dry  sites  have  grown  at  a 
rate  less  than  90  cubic  feet  per  acre  per  annum. 

A  tentative  yield  table  for  Blue  Gum  for  good,  medium  and  poor 
sites  is  given ;  the  sites  having  been  determined  according  to  the  height 
method.  This  shows  the  yields  per  acre  of  ten-year  plantations  on  the 
three  sites  to  be  as  follows : 

Site  1—6100  cu.  ft.,  Site  11—3400  cu.  ft.,  Site  III— 2050  cu  ft. 

Groves  of  Red  Gum  and  Gray  Gum,  two  very  similar  species,  have 
averaged  about  100  cubic  feet  volume  growth  per  acre  per  year — 
approximately  one  standard  cord.  The  Red  Gum  is  unsatisfactory 
because  of  its  crooked  habit  of  growth.  Both  species  are  more  drought 
resistant  than  Blue  Gum  and  produce  wood  which  is  more  durable  in 
the  soil. 

Sugar  Gum  is  very  drought  resistant  but  subject  to  injury  by  frost, 
and  so  is  best  suited  to  the  climatic  conditions  of  southern  California. 
The  17  groves  measured  made  an  average  mean  annual  growth  of  110 
cubic  feet,  or  1.22  cords  per  acre. 

Individual  trees  of  Manna  Gum  have  made  excellent  growth  in 
the  Sacramento  Valley  region,  but  none  of  them  are  growing  in 
plantations. 

Figures  on  the  growth  of  a  large  number  of  other  species  are  given 
in  tabular  form.  Some  of  these  are  growing  in  plantations  while  others 
are  to  be  found  in  California  only  as  individual  specimens.  The 
growth  requirements  and  characteristics  of  several  of  the  more  import- 
ant of  these  trees,  when  growing  under  Australian  conditions,  are 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     49 

given  for  comparison.  The  most  valuable  of  these  Australian  species 
of  Eucalyptus  are  apparently  poorly  suited  to  California  conditions 
and  will  undoubtedly  make  slower  volume  growth  than  the  species 
which  have  been  so  extensively  planted. 

The  wood  of  California  grown  Eucalyptus  has  been  used  for  fuel, 
charcoal,  insulator  pins  and  other  small  turned  articles.  Some  lumber 
has  been  made  experimentally  but  has  not  been  satisfactory  because  of 
excessive  checking  and  warping  of  the  wood  during  seasoning.  Oil 
has  been  distilled  experimentally  from  the  leaves  but  thus  far,  has 
not  come  up  to  the  U.  S.  P.  requirements.  The  value  of  standing 
Eucalyptus  trees  has  varied  from  $1.00  to  about  $4.00  a  cord,  accord- 
ing to  the  location  and  character  of  the  trees,  and  is  about  the  same 
for  fuel,  charcoal  or  insulator  pins. 


APPENDIX  I 
METHOD  OF  TAKING  FIELD  MEASUKEMENTS 

Virtually  all  of  the  groves  measured  were  planted  according  to  a 
very  accurately  laid  out  rectangular  system  (usually  the  planting 
area  was  marked  out  into  squares  or  rectangles  after  plowing)  and 
in  each  sample  grove,  one  or  more  rows  running  through  representative 
portions  were  selected  for  measurement.  The  diameter  breast  high  of 
each  surviving  tree  in  such  rows  was  measured  with  a  steel  diameter 
tape  and  recorded  in  its  proper  place  on  the  field  sheet.  All  blank 
spaces  or  scrubby  trees  in  the  row  were  also  recorded  in  their  proper 
order,  the  total  number  of  planting  spaces  being  used  to  obtain  the 
per  centage  of  survival  and  therefrom  the  acre  volume.  Heights  were 
measured  with  the  Faustmann  hypsometer,  the  observer  standing  a 
definite  number  of  planting  spaces  distant  from  each  tree  as  it  was 
measured.  Often  it  was  impossible  to  measure  the  height  of  each  tree 
for  which  a  diameter  measurement  was  taken,  but  enough  heights  were 
obtained  to  enable  the  drawing  of  a  diameter-height  curve  for  each 
grove  from  which  the  heights  of  the  other  trees  was  obtained.  Fre- 
quently groves  were  visited  in  connection  with  work  on  other  projects, 
and  because  of  insufficient  time,  the  number  of  trees  measured  was 
unavoidably  small.  In  groves  of  any  considerable  size  an  attempt  was 
made  to  measure  from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  trees. 

As  detailed  a  history  as  possible  for  each  plantation  was  secured 
from  the  owner  or  from  a  resident  of  the  locality.  This  included  such 
points  as:  date  of  planting,  replacement  work,  early  cultivation  and 


50  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

care.  Where  groves  were  being  cut,  data  on  character  of  product,  cost 
of  manufacture,  cost  of  delivery,  sale  value  of  product  and  approxi- 
mate yield  per  acre  were  secured. 

The  measurement  of  one  or  more  rows  through  a  plantation  is 
believed  to  give  a  much  better  average  of  the  grove  as  a  whole  than 
the  measurement  of  one  or  more  circular  or  rectangular  sample  plots. 
Because  of  the  generally  accurate  rectangular  spacing,  the  calculation 
of  volume  per  acre  by  the  sample  row  method  is  just  as  accurate  and 
much  more  rapid  than  by  the  use  of  isolated  sample  plots.  Also,  if 
several  soil  or  slope  conditions  are  present  in  the  plantation,  it  is 
possible  to  determine  the  influence  of  each  by  careful  selection  of  rows 
to  be  measured. 

CALCULATION  OF  VOLUME 

As  a  basis  for  volume  calculations  in  this  study,  a  total  of  sixty- 
eight  felled  Eucalyptus  globulus  trees  were  measured  in  1917  in  a 
grove  in  Reidy  Canyon,  near  Escondido,  San  Diego  County.  Taper 
measurements  were  made  at  10  foot  intervals  along  the  stem  of  each 
tree  with  the  diameter  tape,  and  its  solid  cubic  contents,  including 
bark,  down  to  2  inches  in  the  top  were  calculated  by  the  Smalian 
method.  The  d.b.h.  form  factor*  was  then  computed  for  each  tree  and 
the  average  form  factor  for  each  inch  diameter  class  was  obtained.  No 
definite  relation  between  diameter  and  form  factor  could  be  detected 
when  the  above  values  were  plotted  on  cross  section  paper.  Therefore 
the  average  form  factor  of  the  sixty-eight  trees  (FF.  =  .442)  was 
used  in  all  of  the  original  calculations  of  volume. 

Few  opportunities  for  further  taper  measurements  presented  them- 
selves until  early  in  1923,  when  an  additional  number  of  felled  trees 
were  measured.  About  the  same  time  a  set  of  old  taper  measurements 
of  23  Blue  Gum  trees  was  found  in  the  files  of  the  State  Forester  and 
used  in  the  calculations.  The  total  number  thus  available  (123)  cov- 
ered a  much  wider  range  of  diameter  than  the  original  sixty-eight  trees 
and  a  definite  decrease  in  ff.  with  increase  in  diameter  was  noted  when 
the  values  were  plotted.  The  curved  average  form  factors  of  the  123 
trees  is  shown  in  Table  A. 


*  Form  Factor  (written  ft0.)  is  a  decimal  expressing  the  relation  between  the 
solid   cubic   contents  of  a   tree   and   the   contents   of  a   cylinder   of  the   same 
diameter  and  total  height.     The  d.b.h.  form  factor  method  of  obtaining  volume 
is  expressed  as  follows: 
V  =  B  H  X  ff .  in  which 

V  =  volume  of  tree  in  cubic  feet  including  bark. 

B  =  square  foot  area  of  a  circle  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  breast  high 

measured. 
H  =  total  height  of  tree  in  feet, 
ff.  =  form  factor. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS      51 

TABLE  A 
Table  of  Form  Factors  for  Eucalyptus  Globulus 


d.  b.  h.,  inches 

Form  factor 

B.  H.  area  x  ff. 
for  calculating  volume 

2 

.480 

0.0105 

3 

.472 

0.0232 

4 

.466 

0.0406 

5 

.458 

0.0623 

6 

.451 

0.088 

7 

.444 

0.118 

8 

.436 

0.152 

9 

.428 

0.189 

10 

.420 

0.229 

11 

.413 

0.272 

12 

.406 

0.318 

13 

.400 

0.369 

14 

.393 

0.420 

15 

.388 

0.476 

16 

.381 

0.532 

17 

.374 

0.590 

18 

.368 

0.650 

19 

.361 

0.710 

20 

.354 

0.775 

21 

.347 

0.835 

22 

.340 

0.916 

23 

.333 

0.965 

24 

.325 

1.022 

25 

.318 

1.083 

26 

.311 

1.148 

27 

.303 

1.206 

28 

.294 

1.258 

29 

.288 

1.320 

30 

.280 

1.424 

Based  on  taper  measurements  at  10  ft.  intervals,  of  123  felled  trees.     Stumps 

average  1  ft.  in  height  not  included.     Volume  computed  down  to  2  in.  at  the 

top  including  bark. 

_  „  Vol.  of  stem 

Form  factor  =— ; 

Breast  ht.  area  X  total  ht. 

Column  three  is  given  for  convenience  in  computing  volumes.  After  d.b.h. 
and  height  have  been  measured,  it  is  only  necessary  to  multiply  the  figure  given 
in  this  column  opposite  the  d.b.h.  class  by  the  total  height  in  order  to  obtain 
the  volume  in  cubic  feet.  As  this  is  an  average  figure,  it  should  not  be  con- 
sidered accurate  for  single  trees. 


Inasmuch  as  virtually  all  of  the  computation  work  had  been  com- 
pleted with  the  use  of  the  flat  average  ff.  .442  for  all  diameters  before 
the  above  additional  data  were  available,  it  was  necessary  to  make 
percentage  corrections  of  volume  per  acre  based  on  the  average 
diameter  of  trees  in  each  grove.  .  No  correction  was  made  for  groves 
averaging  7  inches  in  diameter,  but  for  those  which  averaged  over  or 
under  7  inches  d.b.h.  the  volume  per  acre  was  lowered  or  raised  accord- 
ing to  the  relation  the  ff.  shown  in  Table  1  bore  to  the  ff.  .442.    For 


52  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

example,  the  volume  of  a  grove  averaging  4  inches  d.b.h.  was  increased 
5.3  per  cent,  while  the  volume  of  a  grove  averaging  10  inches  was 
decreased  5  per  cent.  In  a  majority  of  cases  the  percentage  changes 
were  so  small  as  to  make  only  a  very  slight  difference  in  the  total 
cubic  foot  volume  per  acre,  and  practically  no  change  in  the  calculated 
mean  annual  growth  per  acre.  While  some  objection  may  be  raised 
against  the  use  of  this  procedure  on  mathematical  grounds,  it  was  the 
only  method  possible  without  repeating  a  prohibitively  large  amount 
of  calculative  work,  and  it  is  felt  that  no  appreciable  error  has  been 
introduced  by  the  use  of  these  percentage  corrections. 


APPENDIX  II 

SITE  CLASSIFICATION— Eucalyptus  globulus 

In  order  to  arrive  at  a  somewhat  more  exact  estimate  of  the  quality 
of  various  localities  for  growing  Blue  Gum,  the  various  groves  of  this 
species  have  been  separated  into  three  site  classes  according  to  the 
height  method,  the  procedure  being  as  follows: 

(1)  Enough  of  the  tallest  trees  to  make  10  per  cent  of  the  number 
measured  in  each  grove  were  averaged  and  the  points  plotted  on  cross 
section  paper  using  height  over  age.  Some  groves  in  which  overcrowd- 
ing had  interfered  with  height  growth,  were  omitted  from  the  calcula- 
tions and  a  number  of  groves  measured  by  L.  Margolin*  in  1910  were 
included.    In  all  71  groves  were  used. 

(2)  An  average  age-height  curve  was  drawn,  and  maximum  and 
minimum  age-height  curves  were  drawn  to  harmonize  with  the  average. 
The  zone  between  the  maximum  and  minimum  curves  was  then  arbi- 
trarily divided  into  three  zones  by  similarly  harmonized  curves.  These 
three  zones  are  called  Sites  I,  II,  and  III,  or  Good,  Medium,  and  Poor. 
The  site  classification  for  each  grove  is  indicated  by  the  zone  within 
which  its  age-height  point,  as  plotted,  falls. 

(3)  The  cubic  foot  volumes  per  acre  for  all  of  the  groves  in  each 
site  class  were  plotted,  using  volume  over  age,  and  the  points  smoothed 
off  by  a  curve,  thus  showing  the  average  volume  per  acre. 

The  following  table  shows  the  values  read  from  the  harmonized 
curves  in  (2)  above: 


*  Yield  from  Eucalyptus  Plantations  in  California.     Bull.  1,  State  Board  of 
Forestry,  1910. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     53 

TABLE  B 

Site  Classification — Eucalyptus  globulus 

Height  Method 

Based  on  measurement  of  71  California  plantations 


Average  height 
10%  best  trees 

Heights 

Age,  years 

Site  III  below 

Site  II 

Site  I  above 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

5 

46.5 

41 

41-53 

53 

10 

78.5 

70 

70-90 

90 

15 

103.0 

92 

92-119 

119 

20 

114.0 

102 

102-133 

133 

25 

121.0 

108 

108-139 

139 

30 

125.5 

112 

112-145 

145 

When  classified  according  to  this  method,  the  71  groves  used  in  the 
calculations  appear  in  the  following  proportions : 

Site  I,  19.7% 
Site  II,  42.2% 
Site  III,  38.1% 

The  groves  in  each  site  class  were  grouped  as  follows  for  plotting 
of  volume  over  age.  Margolin's  volume  figures  were  not  included 
because  the  form  factor  used  in  his  calculations  was  not  stated. 


TABLE  C 
Grouping  of  Eucalyptus  globulus  Groves  for  Yield  Calculations 

site  I 


Age  class 

Number  of  groves 

Average  age 

Average  volume,  cu 

ft. 

Years 

Years 

6 

1 

6 

1,000 

7 

2 

7 

3,030 

8 

1 

8 

5,889 

11 

1 

11 

6,690 

23 

1 

23 

12,585 

36 

1 

36K 

17,700 

SITE  II 


Years 

Years 

2 

1 

2 

103 

4 

1 

4 

850 

6 

4 

5.6 

1,020 

7 

6 

7 

1,750 

8 

3 

8.1 

2,686 

10 

3 

9.6 

3,038 

11 

1 

11 

5,012 

54 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 


SITE  III 


Years 

Years 

3 

1 

3 

113 

4 

1 

4 

119 

6 

3 

6 

1,176 

7 

6 

7 

1,342 

8 

3 

8 

1,018 

9 

6 

9 

1,561 

10 

2 

9.7 

2,520 

14 

1 

14 

1,823 

20 

1 

20 

4,130 

The  curved  average  of  these  values  for  each  site  class  is  shown  in 
Table  2.  The  curves  were  extended  by  inspection  to  twenty  years  but 
cannot  be  considered  very  accurate  beyond  fifteen  years  because  of 
insufficient  data.  The  volumes  given  are  in  solid  cubic  feet,  including 
bark;  and  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  convert  the  figures  into  the 
board-foot  unit.  Trees  less  than  twenty  years  of  age  are  valuable 
principally  for  cordwood,  and  even  the  manufacturers  of  small  turned 
articles  such  as  insulator  pins,  usually  purchase  the  stump  age  by  the 
cord.  Very  little  Eucalyptus  lumber  has  been  sawn  except  in  an 
experimental  way,  and  no  satisfactory  boards  have  been  produced  from 
such  young  trees. 


APPENDIX  III 


BAISING  EUCALYPTUS  FEOM  SEED 

The  planting  of  large  tracts  of  Eucalyptus  trees  for  growing  timber 
has  practically  ceased  during  the  last  few  years,  but  there  is  an  increas- 
ing interest  on  the  part  of  farmers  and  ranch  owners  in  the  planting 
of  these  trees  for  fuel,  windbreaks,  prevention  of  erosion  along  banks 
of  gulleys,  shade  for  cattle,  and  beautification  of  the  home  grounds. 
Seedlings  of  the  commoner  species  can  usually  be  procured  from  the 
larger  nurseries,  but  it  is  often  impossible  to  obtain  trees  of  the  rarer 
varieties  which  may  seem  most  desirable  for  the  existing  conditions. 
Trees  supplied  by  some  nurseries  are  often  kept  too  long  in  small  pots, 
which  cramps  the  root  system  and  makes  the  planting  stock  unsatis- 
factory. The  following  directions,  if  carefully  followed,  will  enable 
anyone  to  raise  enough  trees  for  a  windbreak  or  specimen  plantation 
with  very  little  trouble  or  expense. 

Sowing  the  Seed. — The  commonest  method  for  propagating  Euca- 
lyptus is  to  sow  the  seed  in  seed  boxes  about  18  inches  square  and  4 
inches  deep,  which  have  been  filled  almost  to  the  top  with  light,  sandy 
loam  soil.    The  soil  should  be  screened  to  remove  all  pebbles  and  lumps 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     55 

and  be  well  firmed  in  the  boxes  before  the  seeds  are  scattered  on  the 
smooth  surface.  Enough  seeds  to  produce  from  200  to  400  seedlings 
to  the  box  may  be  sown  broadcast  over  the  soil  and  covered  with  not 
more  than  one-eighth  inch  of  pure  sand  or  clean,  fine  sawdust.  The 
boxes  are  then  placed  in  a  shady  place,  preferably  under  a  lath  house 
until  germination  is  complete.  Germination  should  take  place  within 
two  or  three  weeks  after  sowing,  during  which  time  careful  attention 
to  soil  moisture  conditions  should  be  given.  As  damping-off  fungi 
sometimes  cause  serious  loss?s  during  the  germination  period  a  mini- 
mum amount  of  water  should  be  applied.     The  use  of  sterile  soil  is 


Fig.  26. — One  type  of  seed  bed  used  successfully  in  San  Diego  County  in 
growing  Sugar  Gum  and  Gray  Gum  seedlings.  The  sides  are  burlap  and  the 
top  is  of  cotton  cloth.  Damping-off  loss  has  been  cut  to  a  minimum  by  with- 
holding water  for  the  first  ten  days. 

advised  and  careful  attention  to  proper  aeration  of  the  boxes  should 
be  given.  If  damping-off  starts  in  the  boxes  it  may  often  be  checked 
by  sprinkling  them  with  a  10  per  cent  solution  of  Sulphurated  Potassa 
(Liver  of  Sulfur). 

Seedlings  may  be  raised  in  standard  out-of-door  seed  beds  (fig.  26) 
with  board  sides  and  screen  covers  instead  of  seed  boxes,  in  which  case 
a  light  cotton  cloth  cover  is  advisable  instead  of  the  regulation  screen. 
This  will  check  evaporation  and  the  beds  will  require  less  watering. 
With  some  soil  conditions  it  has  been  found  advisable  to  sprinkle  the 
beds  thoroughly  after  sowing,  cover  tightly  with  the  cloth,  and  refrain 
from  watering  until  after  germination  is  in  full  progress  (about  14 
days) .    With  this  method  the  top  of  the  soil  dries  out  and  the  spread 


56  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

of  fungous  disease  is  not  so  apt  to  occur.  The  beds  or  boxes  must  be 
carefully  watched  to  see  that  they  do  not  become  so  dry  as  to  cause  the 
death  of  the  seedlings. 

The  best  time  to  sow  Eucalyptus  seed  is  from  May  to  July  but  may 
vary  considerably  with  different  species.  The  influence  of  local 
climate  on  rate  of  growth  is  the  controlling  factor.  Some  slow-growing 
species  must  be  sown  earlier,  and  a  few  of  the  more  quick-growing  may 
safely  be  sown  in  August. 

Transplanting. — The  roots  of  Eucalyptus  seedlings  are  so  suscepti- 
ble to  drying  out  that  they  cannot  be  successfully  planted  out  in  the 
field  unless  the  roots  are  enclosed  in  a  ball  of  earth.  Seedlings  must 
therefore  be  removed  from  the  boxes  or  seed  beds  when  they  are  from 
2!/2  to  4  inches  high  and  placed  in  separate  tar  paper  pots  or  per- 
forated cans  in  which  they  are  left  when  set  in  the  plantation.  The 
work  of  placing  them  in  pots  or  cans  is  most  conveniently  done  with  a 
small  trowel  and  the  root  system  should  be  disturbed  as  little  as  pos- 
sible in  the  process.  If  plants  are  left  too  long  in  the  seed  boxes  or 
beds  the  root  system  will  suffer  injury  during  the  transplanting  from 
which  they  rarely  recover.  After  potting,  the  young  trees  should  be 
given  careful  watering  and  partial  shade  for  about  a  month,  after 
which  they  may  gradually  be  hardened  so  that  they  will  stand  field 
conditions. 

Planting. — Planting  should  be  done  about  the  end  of  the  rainy 
season  when  all  danger  from  frost  is  past  and  when  the  trees  are  about 
five  to  eight  months  old  from  seed.  Some  plantations  have  been 
successfully  started  in  November  or  December,  but  young  seedlings  are 
very  susceptible  to  damage  by  frost  and  it  is  rarely  advisable  to  plant 
so  early  in  the  season.  Land  which  is  not  too  steep  should  be  plowed 
and  cultivated  for  several  months  before  the  trees  are  planted.  It  is 
an  advantage  to  grow  a  crop  on  the  land  the  year  before  planting.  On 
steep  sites  each  tree  is  set  in  the  center  of  a  space  about  18  inches 
across  from  which  sod  and  weeds  have  been  removed  and  the  soil 
thoroughly  worked  up  with  a  mattock. 

The  pot  or  can  containing  the  tree  is  set  directly  in  the  ground 
without  disturbing  the  soil  or  root  system  of  the  seedling.  Where  tin 
cans  are  used  it  is  necessary  to  cut  them  down  one  side  and  across  the 
bottom  with  a  pair  of  tin  snips  in  order  that  they  may  not  interfere 
with  the  growth  of  the  tree  before  they  rot  away  in  the  soil.  The  pot 
or  can  should  be  set  well  into  the  soil  so  that  the  root  growth  may  be 
able  to  keep  ahead  of  the  drying  out  of  the  upper  layers  of  ground 
during  the  summer  season.  After  pressing  the  earth  firmly  about  the 
tree  and  container,  a  mulch  of  finely  pulverized  soil  should  be  scattered 
over  the  top  to  diminish  evaporation. 


Bulletin  3S0]     GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS     57 

Cultivation. — Most  of  the  groves  measured  were  given  two  thorough 
cultivations  during  the  first  year.  In  many  groves  this  was  continued 
through  the  second  growing  season.  On  slopes  where  horse  or  tractor 
cultivation  is  not  possible  it  is  essential  that  grass  and  weeds  be  kept 
away  from  the  base  of  each  young  tree  by  cultivating  a  space  about 
two  feet  square  with  a  grub  hoe.  This  not  only  relieves  the  tree  from 
competition  with  grass  and  weeds  for  light  and  soil  moisture,  but 
largely  prevents  girdling  of  the  trees  by  mice.  In  uncultivated  planta- 
tions this  girdling  has  been  a  serious  problem,  sometimes  resulting  in 
the  loss  of  75  per  cent  of  the  trees  (fig.  27). 

Spacing. — With  rapid  growing  species  on  good  sites,  a  rectangular 
spacing  of  8  by  8  feet  (680  per  acre)  or  wider  has  given  good  results. 
On  poorer  sites  or  when  using  slower  growing  species  or  when  the  sur- 
vival per  cent  is  apt  to  be  low,  trees  may  be  spaced  7  by  7  or  even  6  by 
6  feet  (890  and  1210  per  acre).  For  cordwood  production  on  a  short 
rotation  a  spacing  of  7  by  7  feet  will  be  satisfactory  on  most  sites. 
To  find  the  number  of  trees  per  acre  divide  43,560  by  the  product 
of  planting  distances  in  feet. 

43  560 
With  an  8  by  10  foot  spacing  — ^r —  =  544  trees. 

Cost  of  Planting. — During  the  period  of  extensive  Eucalyptus 
planting,  from  1908  to  1912,  many  groves  were  set  out  and  cared  for 
for  two  years  at  a  cost  of  $25  to  $40  per  acre  exclusive  of  the  cost  of 
the  land.  Labor  costs  at  that  time  were  considerably  lower  than  at 
present  so  that  the  same  work  today  would  probably  cost  from  $45  to 
$60  per  acre.  Several  owners  of  well  kept  groves  have  told  me  that 
the  cost  of  land,  planting  and  cultivation,  plus  carrying  charges,  have 
totaled  approximately  $100  per  acre  by  the  end  of  ten  years.  Some 
groves  have  cost  more  than  this  but  it  is  probably  about  an  average 
figure  for  large  plantations  under  reasonably  good  conditions  of  soil 
and  management.  Therefore,  in  order  to  yield  a  profit,  the  stumpage 
value  of  a  Eucalyptus  plantation  at  the  end  of  ten  years  must  be  at 
least  approximately  $100  per  acre.  A  grove  which  has  grown  at  the 
rate  of  four  cords  per  acre  per  year  must  have  a  stumpage  value  of 
$2.50  per  cord  in  order  to  pay  for  itself ;  while  on  sites  where  the  rate 
of  growth  is  slower,  the  stumpage  value  must  be  proportionately 
higher. 

The  ranch  owner  who  sets  out  Eucalyptus  trees  in  a  windbreak  or 
along  a  steep  or  unused  section  of  good  land  situated  near  a  good  cord- 
wood  market,  is  in  a  much  more  favorable  position  to  secure  satis- 
factory returns  than  the  owner  of  a  larger  plantation  situated  on 


58  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION 

inferior  land  or  farther  from  a  good  market.  In  the  first  case  the 
planting  and  cultivation  can  be  done  in  connection  with  regular  farm 
work  and  will  be  less  expensive  ;  growth  will  be  faster  and  the  stumpage 
value  will  be  higher  because  transportation  costs  are  not  so  great. 
A  windbreak  planting,  by  the  time  it  is  ready  to  cut,  has  returned 
much  of  the  original  cost  in  the  protection  it  has  given  to  adjacent 
crops,  which  may  properly  be  taken  into  consideration  in  computing 
its  value  to  the  farm.  Moreover,  it  can  usually  be  cut  one  row  at  a 
time  with  intervals  of  a  year  or  two  between  cuts,  so  that  its  value  as 
a  wind-shield  is  not  impaired,  but  is  actually  improved  because  of  the 
dense  growth  of  young  sprouts  which  spring  up  after  each  cutting, 
renewing  the  wind  mantle  near  the  ground  where  it  is  most  apt  to  be 
impaired  by  the  dropping  of  branches  from  the  larger  trees. 

Protection  of  Plantations. — The  need  of  early  cultivation  or 
removal  of  grass  and  weeds  from  around  the  young  trees  has  been 
mentioned  above  as  a  protection  from  girdling  by  rodents,  (fig.  27). 
It  is  quite  as  important  to  keep  the  young  plantation  clean  as  a  pro- 
tection against  fire.  A  bad  fire  during  the  early  life  of  a  Eucalyptus 
grove  may  kill  most  of  the  trees  and  ruin  the  plantation.  As  the  trees 
increase  in  age,  leaves,  twigs  and  strips  of  bark  collect  on  the  ground 
and  intensify  the  danger  of  a  fire  spreading  through  the  grove.  To 
remove  this  litter  is  usually  not  feasible  nor  is  it  advisable  as  it  retards 
evaporation  from  the  soil.  It  should  however  be  recognized  as  a  source 
of  danger.  Adequate  measures  to  prevent  the  starting  of  fires  within 
the  grove  should  be  taken  each  year  well  in  advance  of  the  danger 
season.  A  well  equipped  and  energetic  rural  fire  company  is  the  best 
insurance  against  extensive  damage  by  fire  and  owners  of  Eucalyptus 
plantations  should  be  very  active  in  their  support  of  such  an  organiza- 
tion. Owing  to  the  extremely  inflammable  nature  of  Eucalyptus  leaves 
and  bark,  a  fire  in  hot  dry  weather  if  it  gets  a  good  start  is  apt  to  be 
very  difficult  to  extinguish  before  very  serious  damage  is  done.  Fire 
in  June,  1920,  seriously  injured  over  500  acres  of  plantations  in  San 
Luis  Obispo  County,  and  the  Arrowhead  fire  of  October,  1922,  com- 
pletely destroyed  all  of  the  experimental  plantations  of  the  U.  S.  Forest 
Service  near  Del  Rosa,  San  Bernardino  County.     (See  fig.  19). 

Cattle  and  horses  should  be  rigidly  excluded  from  plantations  until 
the  trees  are  large  enough  to  be  safe  from  being  trampled  or  injured 
by  the  animals.  Later,  the  grove  may  well  be  lightly  grazed  but  much 
trampling  of  the  soil  in  wet  weather  should  be  guarded  against. 


BULLETIN  380]      GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS      59 

Several  fungi  are  known  to  attack  Eucalyptus  in  California  planta- 
tions, but  only  where  heartwood  has  been  exposed  because  of  injury 
to  the  cambium  layer  by  fire  or  some  mechanical  cause.  Trees  so 
infected  should  be  removed  from  the  plantation  as  soon  as  possible,  as 
they  act  as  sources  of  infection  for  other  trees. 


Fig.  27. — This  tree  has  been  girdled  by  mice  but  is  still  alive  and  has  pro- 
duced two  sprouts  below  the  point  of  injury.  Girdling  by  mice  has  caused  the 
death  of  large  numbers  of  eucalyptus  trees  in  some  plantations.  In  one  Sonoma 
County  grove  over  75  per  cent  of  the  trees  died  from  this  cause.  The  remedy 
is  clean  cultivation  around  the  trees  for  the  first  three  years. 


BULLETIN  380]     GROWTH  OF  EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA  PLANTATIONS      61 


REFERENCES  ON  EUCALYPTUS  TREES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Eucalytus.     Abbot  Kinney,  Baumgardt  &  Co.,  Los  Angeles,  Calif.,  1895. 

Eucalypts  Cultivated  in  the  United  States.  A.  J.  McClatchie,  U.  S.  D.  A. 
Bureau  of  Forestry,  Bulletin  35,  1902. 

A  Handbook  for  Eucalyptus  Planters.  G.  B.  Lull,  Calif.  State  Board  of 
Forestry,  Circular  2,  1907. 

The  Growing  of  Eucalypts,  with  detailed  bibliography.  F.  G.  Plummer,  Pro- 
ceedings Soc.  American  Foresters,  vol.  V,  p.  109,  1907. 

Forest  Planting  Leaflet — Eucalypts.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Forest  Service,  Circular  59, 
1907. 

Eucalyptus  in  California.  N.  D.  Ingham,  Calif.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  Bulletin  196, 
1908. 

Eucalyptus;  Its  History,  Growth  and  Utilization.  C.  H.  Sellers,  A.  J.  Johnston 
Co.,  Sacramento,  Calif.,  1910. 

A  Cultura  do  Eucalyptos  nos  Estados  Unidos.  E.  Navarro  de  Andrade,  Roth- 
schild &  Co.,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  1910. 

Yield  from  Eucalyptus  Plantations  in  California.  L.  Margolin,  Calif.  State 
Board  of  Forestry,  Bulletin  1,  19101. 

Utilization  of  California  Eucalypts.  H.  S.  Betts  and  C.  Stowell  Smith,  U.  S. 
D.  A.  Forest  Service,  Circular  179,  1910. 

Tolerance  of  Eucalyptus  for  Alkali.  R.  H.  Loughridge,  Calif.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 
Bulletin    225,    1911. 

The  Eucalyptus  in  Texas.  J.  H.  Arbenz,  Austin  Printing  Co.,  Austin,  Texas, 
1911. 

Eucalypts  in  Florida.  R.  Zon  and  J.  M.  Briscoe,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Forest  Service, 
Bulletin  87,  1911. 

•    Yield  and  Returns  of  Blue  Gum  in  California.     T.  D.  Woodbury,  U.  S.  D.  A. 
Forest  Service,  Circular  210,  1912. 

Eucalyptus  Lumber — Abstract  of  U.  S.  Forest  Products.  Laboratory  Report. 
H.  D.  Tiemann,  The  Hardwood  Record,  Chicago,  Sept.  25  and  Oct.  10,  1913. 

Investigations  on  the  Oil  of  Eucalyptus  Globulus  of  California.  C.  E.  Burke 
and  C.  C.  Scalione,  Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry,  vol.  7, 
p.  206,  1915. 

Relative  Frost  Resistance  of  Eucalyptus  in  Southern  California.  E.  N.  Munns, 
Journal  of  Forestry,  vol.  16,  p.  412,  1918. 

Key  for  Identification  of  California  Eucalypts.  H.  M.  Hall,  in  Encyclopedia 
of  American  Horticulture.     Bailey. 

An  Investigation  of  the  Oil  of  Eucalyptus  Globulus  from  California.  U.  S.  D.  A. 
Forest  Products  Laboratory.     Mss.  by  S.  A.  Mahood  and  D.  E.  Cable,  1920'. 

High  Temperatures  and  Eucalypts.  E.  N.  Munns,  Jour,  of  Forestry,  vol.  19, 
p.  25,  1921. 

Key  to  Eucalypts  Grown  in  California.  Mss.  by  Eric  Walther.  Files  of  Cali- 
fornia Academy  of  Sciences,  San  Francisco,  1924. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  FREE  DISTRIBUTION 


BULLETINS 

No.  No. 

253.  Irrigation   and   Soil  Conditions  in  the  346. 

Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California.  347. 

261.  Melazuma    of    the    Walnut,    "Juglans 

regia."  348. 

262.  Citrus  Diseases  of  Florida  and  Cuba  349. 

Compared  with  Those  of  California. 

263.  Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives.  350. 
268.  Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings.  351. 
273.  Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine-  352. 

yard  Experimental  Drain. 

275.  The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali-  353. 

fornia.  354. 

276.  The  Pomegranate.  357. 

277.  Sudan  Grass 

278.  Grain  Sorghums. 

279.  Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California.  358. 

280.  Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento 

Valley.  359. 

283.  The  Olive  Insects  of  California.  360. 

285.  The  Milk  Goat  in  California. 

286.  Commercial  Fertilizers.  361. 

287.  Vinegar  from  Waste  Fruits. 

294.  Bean  Culture  in  California.  362. 

298.   Seedless  Raisin  Grapes.  363. 

304.  A  Study  of  the  Effects  of  Freezes  on 

Citrus  in  California.  364. 

310.  Plum  Pollination. 

312.  Mariout  Barley.  366. 

813.  Pruning  Young  Deciduous  Fruit  Trees. 
317.  Selections  of  Stocks  in  Citrus  Propa-  367. 

gation. 
319.   Caprifigs  and  Caprification.  368. 

321.  Commercial  Production  of  Grape  Syrup. 

324.  Storage  of  Perishable  Fruit  at  Freezing  369. 

Temperatures.  370. 

325.  Rice  Irrigation  Measurements  and  Ex-  371. 

periments     in     Sacramento     Valley, 
1914-1919.  372. 

328.  Prune  Growing  in  California. 

331.  Phylloxera-Resistant  Stocks.  373. 

334.  Preliminary  Volume  Tables  for  Second-  374. 

Growth  Redwood. 

335.  Cocoanut  Meal   as   a   Feed  for  Dairy 

Cows  and  Other  Livestock.  375. 

336.  The   Preparation  of  Nicotine  Dust  as 

an  Insecticide.  376. 

339.  The  Relative  Cost  of  Making  Logs  from 

Small  and  Large  Timber.  377. 

340.  Control  of  the  Pocket  Gopher  in  Cali-  378. 

fornia. 

343.  Cheese  Pests  and  Their  Control. 

344.  Cold  Storage  as  an  Aid  to  the  Market- 

ing of  Plums. 


Almond  Pollination. 

The  Control  of  Red  Spiders  in  Decidu- 
ous Orchards. 

Pruning  Young  Olive  Trees. 

A  Study  of  Sidedraft  and  Tractor 
Hitches. 

Agriculture  in  Cut-over  Redwood  Lands. 

California  State  Dairy  Cow  Competition. 

Further  Experiments  in  Plum  Pollina 
tion. 

Bovine  Infectious  Abortion. 

Results  of  Rice  Experiments  in   1922. 

A  Self-mixing  Dusting  Machine  for 
Applying  Dry  Insecticides  and 
Fungicides. 

Black  Measles,  Water  Berries,  and 
Related  Vine  Troubles. 

Fruit  Beverage  Investigations. 

Gum  Diseases  of  Citrus  Trees  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Preliminary  Yield  Tables  for  Second 
Growth  Redwood. 

Dust  and  the  Tractor  Engine. 

The  Pruning  of  Citrus  Trees  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Fungicidal  Dusts  for  the  Control  of 
Bunt. 

Turkish  Tobacco  Culture,  Curing  and 
Marketing. 

Methods  of  Harvesting  and  Irrigation 
in  Relation  to  Mouldy  Walnuts. 

Bacterial  Decomposition  of  Olives  dur- 
ing Pickling. 

Comparison  of  Woods  for  Butter  Boxes. 

Browning  of  Yellow  Newtown  Apples. 

The  Relative  Cost  of  Yarding  Small 
and  Large  Timber. 

The  Cost  of  Producing  Market  Milk  and 
Butterfat  on  246  California  Dairies. 

Pear  Pollination. 

A  Survey  of  Orchard  Practices  in  the 
Citrus  Industry  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Results  of  Rice  Experiments  at  Cor- 
tena,   1923. 

Sun-Drying  and  Dehydration  of  Wal- 
nuts. 

The  Cold  Storage  of  Pears. 

Studies  on  the  Nutritional  Disease  of 
Poultry  Caused  by  Vitamin  A  De- 
ficiency. 


CIRCULARS 


No. 
70 


Observations    on    the    Status    of    Corn 
Growing  in  California. 
87.  Alfalfa. 

111.  The  Use  of  Lime  and  Gypsum  on  Cali- 
fornia Soils. 

113.   Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture. 

117.  The    Selection    and    Cost   of    a    Small 
Pumping  Plant. 

127.  House  Fumigation. 

129.  The  Control  of  Citrus  Insects. 

136.  Mtlilotus    indica    as    a    Green-Manure 
Crop  for  California. 

144.    Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine. 

151.  Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs. 

152.  Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Hand- 

ling of  Grain  in  California. 
154.  Irrigation  Practice  in  Growing  Small 
Fruit  in  California. 


No. 

155.  Bovine  Tuberculosis. 
157.   Control  of  the  Pear  Scab. 

160.  Lettuce  Growing  in  California. 

161.  Potatoes  in  California. 

164.  Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 

165.  Fundamentals  of   Sugar   Beet   Culture 

under  California  Conditions. 

166.  The  County  Farm  Bureau. 

167.  Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 
170.  Fertilizing  California  Soils  for  the  1918 

Crop. 

172.  Wheat  Culture. 

173.  The   Construction    of   the   Wood-Hoop 

Silo. 

174.  Farm  Drainage  Methods. 

178.  The  Packing  of  Apples  in  California. 

179.  Factors    of    Importance    in    Producing 

Milk  of  Low  Bacterial  Count. 


CIRCULARS — (Continued) 


No. 

184. 
190. 
193. 
198. 
199. 
202. 

203. 
205. 
208. 

209. 
210. 
212. 
214. 

215. 
217. 

219. 
220. 
228. 
230. 

231. 
232. 

233. 
234. 

235. 

236. 


237. 

238. 
239. 

240. 

241. 

242. 
243. 

244. 


No. 

A  Flock  of  Sheep  on  the  Farm.  245. 

Agriculture  Clubs  in  California.  247. 

A  Study  of  Farm  Labor  in  California.  248. 
Syrup  from  Sweet  Sorghum. 

Onion  Growing  in  California.  249. 

County  Organizations   for  Rural   Fire  250. 

Control. 

Peat  as  a  Manure  Substitute.  251. 
Blackleg. 
Summary  of  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 

Farm  Advisors  of  California.  252. 

The  Function  of  the  Farm  Bureau.  253. 

Suggestions  to  the  Settler  in  California.  254. 
Salvaging  Rain-Damaged  Prunes. 

Seed  Treatment  for  the  Prevention  of  255. 

Cereal  Smuts. 

Feeding  Dairy  Cows  in  California.  256. 

Methods   for  Marketing  Vegetables   in  257. 

California.  258. 

The  Present  Status  of  Alkali.  259. 

Unfermented  Fruit  Juices.  260. 
Vineyard  Irrigation  in  Arid  Climates. 

Testing  Milk,    Cream,   and   Skim  Milk  261. 

for  Butterfat.  262. 

The  Home  Vineyard.  263. 

Harvesting    and    Handling    California  264. 

Cherries  for  Eastern  Shipment. 

Artificial  Incubation.  265. 

Winter  Injury  to  Young  Walnut  Trees  266. 

during  1921-22. 

Soil  Analysis  and  Soil  and  Plant  Inter-  267. 
relations. 

The  Common  Hawks  and  Owls  of  Cali-  268. 

fornia    from   the    Standpoint   of   the 

Rancher.  269. 

Directions  for  the  Tanning  and  Dress-  270. 

of  Furs.  271. 

The  Apricot  in  California.  272. 
Harvesting  and  Handling  Apricots  and 

Plums  for  Eastern  Shipment.  273. 

Harvesting    and    Handling   Pears   for  275. 

Eastern  Shipment. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Peaches  for  276. 

Eastern  Shipment.  277. 
Poultry  Feeding. 

Marmalade  Juice  and  Jelly  Juice  from  278. 

Citrus  Fruits. 
Central  Wire  Bracing  for  Fruit  Trees. 


Vine  Pruning  Systems. 

Colonization  and  Rural  Development. 

Some  Common  Errors  in  Vine  Pruning 
and  Their  Remedies. 

Replacing  Missing  Vines. 

Measurement  of  Irrigation  Water  on 
the  Farm. 

Recommendations  Concerning  the  Com- 
mon Diseases  and  Parasites  of 
Poultry  in  California. 

Supports  for  Vines. 

Vineyard  Plans. 

The  Use  of  Artificial  Light  to  Increase 
Winter  Egg  Production. 

Leguminous  Plants  as  Organic  Fertil- 
izer in  California  Agriculture. 

The  Control  of  Wild  Morning  Glory. 

The  Small- Seeded  Horse  Bean. 

Thinning  Deciduous  Fruits. 

Pear  By-products. 

A  Selected  List  of  References  Relating 
to  Irrigation  in  California. 

Sewing  Grain   Sacks. 

Cabbage  Growing  in  California. 

Tomato  Production  in  California. 

Preliminary  Essentials  to  Bovine  Tuber- 
culosis Control. 

Plant  Disease  and  Pest  Control. 

Analyzing  the  Citrus  Orchard  by  Means 
of  Simple  Tree  Records. 

The  Tendency  of  Tractors  to  Rise  in 
Front;  Causes  and  Remedies. 

Inexpensive  Lavor-saving  Poultry  Ap- 
pliances. 

An  Orchard  Brush  Burner. 

A  Farm  Septic  Tank. 

Brooding  Chicks  Artificially. 

California  Farm  Tenancy  and  Methods 
of  Leasing. 

Saving  the  Gophered  Citrus  Tree. 

Marketable  California  Decorative 
Greens. 

Home  Canning. 

Head,  Cane,  and  Cordon  Pruning  of 
Vines. 

Olive  Pickling  in  Mediterranean  Coun- 
tries. 


The  publications  listed  above  may  be  had  by  addressing 

College  of  Agriculture, 

University  of  California, 

Berkeley,  California. 


10m-2,*25 


